How were government policies in western and central Europe impacted by mass politics during the period 1871-1914? Go Mustangs!!!
(Remember to respond to the question in 6-8 sentences (yes it can be longer) and to respond to two of your classmates answers in 4-6 sentences. Do not just agree or disagree without defending or justifying your argument.) Think above and beyond the common answers that you may see. Be sure to challenge your classmates with controversial tactics, actions or selections. Good Luck!!!! Go Mustangs!!!
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
42 comments:
How were government policies in western and central Europe impacted by mass politics during the period 1871-1914?
Policies in countries as Germany, Britain, France, and even parts of the Austrian empire were heavily impacted by reforms and political actions which is why this time era is deemed the Age of Mass Politicks. Mass Politicks, first, was a time where political parties became a main focus and representation of government to its people was questioned. In newly unified countries nationalism was apart of the counties political parties or politics which allowed for nationalistic and party reforms to be passed in countries like Germany and Italy. More provisional governments like Britain and France at this time used their politics to create reforms that would help a majority of people or to gain leverage for their own political agenda.
To begin with, Germany experienced mass politics in the form of many parties like the Junkers, Center Party, and the Social Democratic Party which all resided under one government. These parties affected society in that they gave more motives and ideas to the people who now had more power to elect representative bodies. But instead of affecting mainstream society, Bismarck seemed to be troubled by the S.P.D.’s and Catholic Parties the most. This is where Germany’s politics start to change because of the newly growing political parties. Bismarck set several laws to suppress the S.P.D.’s for example, taxes on their production, and distribution. He also sought the lower class vote by instituting Modern Social Security laws for the poor, old, and unemployed. Mass politics were too powerful however and his attempts failed when the S.D.P. party became too influential.
France was deeply impacted by mass politics but suppressed by what seemed like a conservative government therefore disallowing most reforms asked by certain parties. Societies like the Paris commune left a negative imprint for a government that was attempting to restore power to the Bourgeoisie. Socialists groups were eliminated and censored by the government. Even with a socialist vote, little to no reforms could pass as the representative body/president had little power to pass a reform making France an example of suppressed mass politics.
Britain, being one of the most successful in passing reforms from the different parties, used the different parties to gain votes and leverage for mostly conservative agendas. Britain, however, did not experience a strong socialist party as that idea was not suppressed so the majority remained liberal and pro working class. The working class then became its own political party, and senators running parliament needed their vote and support. Though of different parties and agendas, Gladstone and Disraeli passed several reforms/ policies because of the working class and the Irish class. These reforms include: Reform Bill of 1867, Secret Ballot, Universal Male Suffrage, reform of 1884, Australian Ballot Act of 1872, the Public Health Act, and Artistan Dwelling act. The significance of all of these reforms when concerning the task is that they all appeal to the different social political groups or political parties. Another political group within Britain that dominated government was the conservatives, most of whom, looked to broaden their empire. This political group made reforms for free trade and promoted imperialism, for the most part, politically.
Policies in western and central Europe were impacted by political movements and reforms that were led/influenced by different social classes and political parties.
In Great Britain, Disraeli who was associated with the conservative party, sympathized the working class. Influenced by John Stewart Mill's "On Liberty", he created the Reform Bill of 1867 which appealed to the working people. Disraeli was also responsible for the Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875 which provided housing for the working class. Gladstone also impacted government policies by inputing liberal ideas in his reforms. He abolished taxes to the support the Church of England and created the Australian Ballot Act(1872), which provided for the secret ballot. Another reform that arose under his rule was the reform Act of 1884 or Representation of the People Act of 1884.
In Germany, Otto von Bismarck created a few laws that suppressed the powers of the Social Democratic Party. Bismarck though, was unsuccessful in limiting the growth of the S.P.D.
In France, the Third French Republic, dominated by the bourgeoisie, had smaller forms of government within it that included the Paris Commune and National Assembly. The Paris Commune, a communist government, refused to recognize the new National Assembly and thus, multiple scandals arose.
I agree with Jessica Silva that the reforms Gladstone and Disraeli proposed appealed to the different social groups. Disraeli protected the British trade union, which was usually made up of the upper class, and allowed them to raise picket lines. He also sympathized/supported the working class. Gladstone created the Reform Act of 1884, which granted suffrage to adult males and he abolished taxes to support the Church of England.
A rise of the sense of nationalism in 1871-1914 led political changes thought central Europe. This time period was known as "The Age of Mass Politics." During this time period, political parties dominated politics. Also the increase in male suffrage and literacy resulted in higher expectations and demands for the government to be responsive to the people's needs.
The political parties in a government allowed the system of check and balances.They made sure that one party did not get to powerful. This is evident in the German government, Third French Republic, Great Britain's government. The German government was broken up in to three political parties. They were the junkers, Center Party and the Social Democratic Party. The Central Party focused on centralization,which is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding Planing decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location and/or group, while the S.P.D., who were Marxist, advocated the helping of everyone. In France, the Third French Republic contained the Chamber of Deputies. It was broken down in to four groups to make sue one did not over power the others. And in Great Britain,there were two parties, the Tory party and the Whig Party. The Torys were the conservative party and the Whigs were the liberal party. With out all the different parties in the governments, one part would dominate and people's voices would be unheard.
The increases of suffrage and literacy led to politicians representing the the people more. due to the fact that the people got to pick who represented them in the government, politicians had to do what made the people happy in order to get their vote. So basically they had to have people in mind.
I agree with Jessica Silvia when she said that "Britain and France at this time used their politics to create reforms that would help a majority of people or to gain leverage for their own political agenda." Because people could vote now, politicians had to help the people in order to stay in the office. Also if they wanted to do something in that was in their own agendas, the had to gain the support of the people.
I also agree with adesuyo. When she said that the social groups were affected by this movement. The working class gained more representation. Because of that they got more befits. One of which include better housing.
How were government policies in western and central Europe impacted by mass politics during the period 1871-1914?
Countries such as Germany,France, and Great Britain's policies were impacted during the age of mass policts. The age of mass politics was a time were people felt that it was important to be loyal to their government and that public education was a neccesity. Germany's policies were impacted by the age of mass politics to a high extent. A man who came to really step up to go and commit to the many changes in germany was Otto von Bismark. He was a mastermind behind germany's government in fact he unified germany. Bismark's policy of centralization and promoting of the political concept of particularism had been approved by the Center party. Bismark had established an political and economic structure for Germany. Bismark unified the monetary system and etablished an imperial bank. All of this shows you that Germany under influence by chancellor Bismark was deeply impacted by the mass politics.
In Great Britain Drisaeli Britain's prime minister and was associating with the conservtive parties had felt for all of the working men and women. Drisaeli was Influenced by John Stewart Mill who wrote "On Liberty", in which he ended up creating the Reform Bill of 1867 that had appealed working people. Disraeli who was also responsible for the Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875 this provided housing for the working class. As it shows many new policies increasingly through the working class had been impacted because of the age of mass politics.
In France their was the third republic which which was dominated by the group of the Bourgeios. Paris Commune a communist type of governmentrefused to recognize the national assembly and by this their were an increase of many problems and also conflicts which had occurred.
I agree with Jessica Silva for she states that Otto von Bismark had brought a numerous amount of laws to suppress the SPD's. Also i agree with how she believed that Drisaeli had made several reforms such as the Artisian Dwelling act wich helped support health and working class.
I agree with adesuyo for she stated that otto von bismark had made many reforms and steps to suppress the SPD's. As well as i agree that she states gladstone also had impacted many government policies by inputing in his liberal ideas in his reforms.
How were government policies in western and central Europe impacted by mass politics during the period 1871-1914?
Western and central Europe were impacted a lot by the "Age of Mass Politics," it was a time where political issues were pre-dominated by politics. Germany was one of the many few that were influenced a lot by politics. Germany's government structure was consisted of a federal union of Prussia, and 24 smaller German states. Otto Van Bismarck served as the chancellor and the back bone behind the government structure.
Germany was made up of multi-parties such as, Center Party, and the Social Democratic Party, Center Party was the approval of Bismarck's policy of centralization and promoted the political concept of Particularism which advocated regional priorities. On the other hand Social Democratic Party(S.P.D.) which means that Marxist advocated sweeping social legislation, and the demilitarization of the German government.
In France, the Third Republic was created. It led to many disputes like the Boulanger Crisis, which was the gain support of military, and also plotted a coup to overthrow the republican. It also led to the Dreyfus Affair, which was the most serious threat to the republic. The Dreyfus Affair led to an alliance between moderate republicans and socialist.
In Great Britain, it was influenced by the Age of Mass Politics because, the Conservative Party under Disraeli, and a Liberal Party under William Gladstone. William Gladstone was the created of the Education Act, and the Secret Ballot Act, and Disraeli created the Public Health Act.
I agree with Jessica Silva when she talked "Mass Politicks, first, was a time where political parties became a main focus and representation of government to its people was questioned." And how she said that Britain and France used politics to reform.
I also agree with adesuyo and when she mentioned about "he Paris Commune, a communist government, refused to recognize the new National Assembly and thus, multiple scandals arose." The French republic was a reason for many scandals during the Age of Mass Politics.
Isn't this due on Sunday and only 5 people have blogged. Wow..! This is sad and it looks like we will have to lay some ground rules for the next blog. Prepare to have to blog by the end of next week if this keeps up.
Throughout the end of the nineteenth century government policies in Europe were affected greatly affected by the mass politics of the period. Each individual country was influenced in its own way. In Great Britain, the new reforms and acts were largely inspired by the liberal and conservative parties. Under Benjamin Disraeli, the Reform Bill of 1867 was passed which not only doubled the size of the electorate, but it gave the right to vote too many industrial workers. Under William Gladstone, the liberal party was able to legalize labor unions, introduce a secrete ballot and offer free public education to working class children. France was also impacted by the mass politics. After Napoleon III’s Second Empire the Third French Republic was established. This came with many conflicts and scandals within France like the Boulanger Crisis and the Dreyfus Affair. Important reforms like the Ferry laws which separated the church and state. Secular education was instituted and tax supported public schools were expanded. The newly unified Germany created a state constitution, allowed universal male suffrage and gave rights to its Jewish citizens. Germany set up the first European welfare state, a socialist concept and by World War I the Social Democratic Party was the largest party. In Austria and Italy universal male suffrage was granted.
Responses:
1.I agree with ceenguyen when they said “…Social Democratic Party (S.P.D.) which means that Marxist advocated sweeping social legislation, and the demilitarization of the German government.” The S.P.D had a huge influence on German politics. They had a true democracy. By 1912 it was one of the strongest parties by votes.
2.I also agree with Jessica Silva when she said “In newly unified countries nationalism was apart of the counties political parties or politics which allowed for nationalistic and party reforms to be passed in countries like Germany and Italy.” Both countries established reforms and policies that were very liberal and/or nationalistic after their unifications in 1871. Germany introduced a state constitution and they both granted universal male suffrage. Germany even gave Jewish Citizens rights.
During 1871 through 1914, mass politics played a major role in European countries such as, Britain, France, and Germany. Political parties, such as nationalism began to rise, leading to the unification of Germany and Italy.
In Great Britain, Disraeli began to sympathize with the working class, thus leading him to establish the Reform Bill of 1867.
In Germany, the three major political parties within the goverment were the Junkers, the Central Party, and the Social Democratic Party, with all three focusing on different goals. Otto von Bismarck's goal was to suppress the SDP, but didn't succeed.
In France, the Third French Republic was broken down into the chamber of deputies. The Chamber of Deputies was broken down into 4 subgroups to make sure that one group didn't have more power than another. In France, another group was the Third French Republic, which became dominated by bourgeoisie.
I agree with adesuyo because she said that Otto von Bismark had made many reforms and steps to suppress the S.P.D.
I also agree with Jessica Silva when she stated that France was deeply impacted by mass politics but suppressed by a conservative government, which didn't allow most reforms led by certain parties. At the time, France had many inner conflicts within the country, which suppressed many political parties trying to lead reforms.
The Age of Mass Politics created a common framework in European politics. Political parties dominated politics. Increasing suffrage and literacy rates in western European countries caused higher expectations and demands by the people towards the new government policies and urged for the government to satisfy their needs. Countries including Germany, Britain and even parts of Austria experienced a great impact by political reforms and actions that were taken due to the newly formed governments and their newly formed policies.
In Germany the powerful leader Kaiser Willhelm I dominated the age of mass politics that existed within the country of Germany. With his strong source of leadership Germany consisted of a federal union of Prussia and 24 smaller German states. The man, who had helped to the successful unification of Germany without Austria Otto Von Bismark, was the mastermind behind the new powerful government. The government consisted of a multi-party political system that consisted of the Junkers, Center Party, and Social Democratic Party.
Meanwhile Britain was experiencing economic prosperity, periods of jingoism, and deeply expanded democracy. Lord Palmerston had a dominant power in England and saw the realignment of political parties. The Tory Party consisted of the newly formed Conservatives under the power of Disraeli. The Whig Party was transformed to the group of liberals under the power of William Gladstone. The Reform Act of 1884 also known as the Representation of the People Act of 1884 granted suffrage to adult males in the countries on the same basis as in the boroughs. Two million agricultural voters were also added to the franchise in result of this act.
2 STUDENT RESPONSES:
I highly agree with Jessica. Her information and explanation of the Age of Mass Politics is completely relevant to some of the key points that I have pointed out. For example the Age of Mass Politics impacted many countries through political reforms and political actions taken by the government. Also the country of Germany had a huge part in this movement as their political parties including the Junkers, Center Party, and Social Democratic Party played an enormous role in the multi-party political system that existed in Germany.
I also agree with ceenguyen when she takes note of the S.D.P. this party particularly existed in Germany, where it advocated sweeping social legislation, the realization of genuine democracy and the demilitarization of the German government. In this Bismark became unsuccessful in limiting its growth, despite it being driven underground.
-Alyssa Rico
In western and centralized Europe, mass politics arose as a time when political parties came about. Parties such as the Junkers, Center Party, and the Social Democratic Party which resided under one goverment.
Great Britain was influenced by both William Gladstone and Disraeli by their reforms for the working and of the Irish class. William Gladstone as part of the liberal party created the Education Act of 1870, and he also addressed the Irish question. His reforms were typically liberal and tried to avoidthe danger of a democratic state. Disraeli who was of the conservative party also created reforms for the working class. He created The Public Health Act of 1875 and also the Artisan dwelling Act of 1875. This act had the goverment become actively involved in providing housing for the working class.
I agree with Jessica Silva when shee says that Gladstone's and Disraeli appealed to different social parties. Their reforms differed on various issues and so did their views.
I also agree with Roosevelt when he says that Disraeli felt for the working class and women. By creating his reforms, he helped the working class out. For example with the Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875, he created housing for the working class.
The age of mass politics greatly impacted many of the European countries between 1871-1914. The increased literacy rates acknowledged for reforms across the country in order to improve society.
Britain was the most succesful in passing reforms and expansion of democracy under Disraeli, who represented the Conservative party, and Gladstone, who came from the liberal party. Each contributed to a mass amount of reforms including: Reform Bill of 1867, Australian Ballot Act, and Reform Act of 1884 just to name a few.
Although France also prospered economically and also expanded their democracy their Third French Republic was dominated by the Chamber of Deputies and was full with a mass amount of scandals. The Boulanger Crisis and the Panama scandal both proved the republic to be corrupt but the most serious threat proved to be the Dreyfus Affair.
For Germany Otto Von Bismarck who had just achieved unification of Germany now moved towards political matters. He formed the Reichstag which was a form of parliament. Political parties like the S.P.D and Catholic Party were frequently suppressed by Bismarck who was constantly trying to limit their influence.
I agree with Jessica Silva when she said that Britain's reforms appealed to many different groups and parties. Many of the reforms that were passes allowed more and more people able to vote.
I also agree with adesuyo about Bismarck trying to limit the growth of the S.P.D, but being unsuccesful. Ultimately Bismarck's huge focus on politics created conflicts with William II, who opposed outlawing the S.P.D and wanted to focus on expanding territory, and ended with Bismarck being fored to resign.
As the age of mass politics began to emerge, Europe and the government became more impacted by it during 1871-1914. Mass politics was a time where people became more loyal to their government. Politicians respresented the people more responsibly. Germany, Britain, and France gained welfare. Mass politics effected education by improving literacy skills. This was beneficial to establish a well-educated society and with responsible citizens. In Germany, their society was divided up into two groups that had represented two different parts of their country, Bundestag and Bunderat. Bundestag was the lower body which represented the nation. Bunderat was upper body which represented certain German states. Mass politics had definetly impacted government and Europe by improving education, creating loyalty within the people and government.
I agree with Jessica. Germany did experince mass politics. There were many social parties that had affected their country in a positive way.
I agree with adesuyo.
The mass politics did influence more social parties. This helped society as more attention and parties were focused towards the working class.
During the 19th century the "age of mass politics" impacted western and central Europe greatly. A great example of how it impacted the Europeans is the Third French Republic. In this republic The Paris commune came about. The Paris Commune was a radical communist government that gained power and lay siege to Paris. Later this commune was defeated and it led France on a road to recovery which was the third french republic. This republic was dominated by the bourgeoisie and a constitution was made for the public. It was called the Chamber of Deputies, there was a president, a senate, and the chamber. The president however was weak, the senate was very conservative and was able to block progress in the legislation. The chamber handled the majority of the political groupings and was a mixture of different social groups, in turn later lead to its down fall.
Another great example of how the "age of mass politics impacted western and central Europe is the unification of Germany. Germany finally unified in January of 1871. The man responsible for unifying Germany is Otto Von Bismarck. He then lead Germany to a better struckture of a government. It was called a Reichstag it constisted of two body's one focused on the lower body of the nation and the other on the upper. They were called the Bundestag (lower) and the Bundersrat (upper). These are two great examples of how the "age of mass politics" imacted Europe.
2 student responses:
I do agree with adesuyo Otto Von Bismarck did creat laws that suppressed the powers of the social democratic party. He wanted to remain in the most control, however still keep the balance of power. I also agree with the fact that the government of France was structured by the National Assembly and the Paris commune. It did refuse to recognize the National Assembly, and made scandals that led to its own down fall.
I also do agree with ceenguyen that political issues were pre-dominated by politics of the time. Also that Germany consisted of of a federal union of Prussia, and 24 small german states. The Social Democratic Party advocated sweeping social lefislation and demilitarization. Most definatly i agree with the fact that the third french republic was a political mess.
Mass politics were hugely predominant in this time period. Counties started ignoring the rules laid down by the congress of vienna and started doing there own things. Britan had the most stable govermont in which they were on their way to creating a govermont but, they were debating on how to get there. Nationalism was a huge part of mass politics as it spired the uprising of smaller minorities to make there own country. Gapaldini and his army were fully influeneced by romantic nationalism and the czechs wanted to break apart because they were unified through language and custom which is also nationalism. Germany realeased what a power they could become if they unified and they re govermont policy changed from being laid under bismarck to full on threating everyone. Imperialism was the biggest example of mass politics during this time period. Almost everyone in Europe had colony/territory in
Africa or Asia. This changed govermont polycies as they funneled money into getting new territory now and foreign policy was changed from being nice to trickery such as how the belgiums took over the congo.
I disagree with jenefier. She is right than Disraeli did pass thar reform bill but, it wasnt just him that shaped british politics. William Gladson on the libersal side of things helped this irish during the irish question period giving them a break from landlords and made the anglican chruch not tax them anymore. It was the both of them that would change govermot policy in England as it would battle in paraliment between conservatives and liberals.
I agree with tiffany. France goverment and domectic policies were hugely influenced by mass politics after the major fall of France's thrid republic. After the huge scandal of the dreyfus affair France knew it needed some change so the national brought in a bunch of domestic reforms. These included seperating the church and state and proper govermont funding for school. Also France realized germanys strength through mass politics so this made France team up in an alliance with their old enemy great britan.
How were government policies in western and central Europe impacted by mass politics during the period 1871-1914?
Government Policies in western and central Europe were heavily influenced on politics; hence the name of the era, "the age of mass politics". Germany was included in this growing epidemic. Their country during this time was based upon many political parties and such. Political parties in Germany inlcuded the SPD, junkers, and Catholic parties. Each party did their part by giving german citizens inspiration that they could have the power to represent their own body. The people of Germany were getting stronger. And as a result, Bismark started to take action. He did not want the political parties to have complete control, so he issued the Kulturkampf which limited the power of political parties and kept them from having too much voice. Unfortunately, this plan failed. The SPD and other political parties continued to grow and have an influence on Germany.
France was also under the influence of mass politics. Many of the political actions that came out of France were very conservative based. For instance, Third French Republic. They wanted a small government, a conservative ideal. Another political group that took place in France was the Paris Commune,. The Paris Commune created a big uprise in France because of their refusal to recognize the National Assembly.
Great Britain, also involved with mass politics, was impacted greatly due to mass politics as well, during 1871-1914. Great Britain was impacted the most by two leading figures: Disraeli and Gladstone. Each appealed to different political parties in GB. Disraeli was for the conservatives, and Gladstone for the Liberalists. Each issued many acts and reforms to help their favored party, and increase political activity in GB. Disraeli, for example, issued the Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875, and Gladstone, the Representation of the People Act of 1884.
I agree with Jessica Silva on the fact that socialist groups were basically eliminated in France. The fact that the conservative government, paris Commune, was overwhelming in power at the time didn't allow any other political parties to have much say in poltics in France.
I also agree with Jenniferbee when she says that three dominant political parties in France weren focusing on different goals in Germany. Although Bismark had the intention to suppress these groups, he failed in doing so.
European politics in the late 18th c, early 19th c were domianted by hopeful politicians, trying to force their ideas into emergence in society. In GB, William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli's reforms shaped politics. Their policies, although different amended to the same agenda. Some of Gladstone's reforms were the Ballot Act of 1872 and the Education Act of 1870. Disraeli created the Public Health Act and the Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875. These acts were different, but they were in place to serve and better society. In France, The Paris Commune dominated politics, while the governament was tyring to reverse to conservative values and the bourgeise. In Germany, the power struggle lied in the hands of Otto Von Bismark, who controlled the government. He tried to smuggle the power of the Catholic Party; but failed. He also tried to supress the SPD (social democratic party), which were socialist Marxists.
RESPONSES:
1. I completely agree with Jessica when she sates that GB was most successful. I beleive that they attianed dominance while making reforms to better their society. In other words, they proved to work for intentions of the citizen's well being.
2.I also agree with Roosevelt. He is right when he says that this era influenced reforms made for more the middle class. I also think, adding on to his statement, that some countries made reforms for the middle class more than others. For exapmle, GB best displayed reform for the betterment of middle class citizens.
.Western and central Europe was greatly impacted during the age of mass politics. Some were impacted in a way where their citizens had more of say in the decisions of the government and others by showing how the certain form of government was incapiable of controling the nation. For western Europe, both Great Britain and France were affected. Britain had two major leaders during the time, Disraeli and Gladstone. Even though they had different ways to approaching their goals, both leaders issued reforms to benefit the working class. For example, Disraeli passed the Artisan Dwelling Act that provided housing for the unemployed and Gladstone provided children with elementary schools. France became the Third Republic but the scandals like the Dreyfus Affair and the Panama Scandal showed how unstability the government was. They created a split between political parties. For central Europe, Germany created the Reichstag. There were also an appearance of many political parties such as the Center Party, the Catholics, and the Social Democratic Party, the socialists. Bismarck was afraid of their influence and tried to limit it but failed to do so. SPD prevaled and became the largest influence in the Reichstag
During the “age of mass politics”, Great Britain and Germany both branched out to be even more civilized.
Under the control of Gladstone and Disraeli, these two leaders both wanted to improve their life of their people. William Gladstone supported happier citizens and free trade. Education Act allowed public elementary for the first time in Britain. This increase in literacy rate for the public.
Disraeli however wanted healthier citizens. Public Health Act promoted physical well-being and sanitation. These two leaders created policies and reforms that increased the spirit of nationalism in their country.
While in Germany under Bismarck's control and guidance, the new country is starting to form. From a government, the Reichstag, modern laws begin to grow. Like Gladstone and Disraeli, Birmarck had public support. With all the growing socialist parties, he did all he could to limit their influence on the public. His leadership and policies protected his people.
I agree with catsayshilynn that even though Gladstone and Disraeli are very different, they both had the same intention. They both wanted to improve and help Britain's government and society. Gladstone approached this from the educational point of view. While Disraeli focused on well-beings, he purposed reforms that gave homes to the ones in need. Once again, they both were positive influence upon Great Britain during the "age of mass politics".
I also agree with ceenguyen that the Third Republic of France had many blunders. The two major issue was the Boulanger Crisis and Dreyfus Affair. The boulander Crisis involved a man trying to overthrow the republic. This intention was extremely bad for the image of the new republic that was just formed. While the Dreyfus Affair involved the government falsely accusing an innocent man based on his ethnicity. These are the few blunders of France that put them behind other countries during the 1871 to 1914.
The age of mass politics greatly impacted Western and Central Europe government. This political age focused on its society making reforms to benefit its citizens, health, education, and nationalism.The unification of Germany in the 18th century fixed their government structure. The German political leader Otto Von Bismark tried to established the Reichstag separating representatives. Much of Germany government had was separated among one another from Junkers to S.P.D to run the government of England. Bismark established laws and acts that ensured insurances, improved working conditions and regulated child labor laws to challenge and destroy the Catholic Center Party and the S.P.D. In Great Britain laws were expanded to a democracy. Disraeli, a conservative leader used the Reform bill of 1867 expanded the male electorate vote, he also helped reform sanitation reforms. Gladstone a British liberal abolished taxes on the church of England and focused on Education act of 1870 which helped the government govern elementary schools. The age of politics also fused the idea of the Irish Question which would separate power from England to govern themselves. The Age of Politics reformed many positive acts in society but in France it corrupted the Third French Republic. The French republic infused the Paris commune a radical movement. The Third French Republic did manage to reform secular education in many french states also trade unions were legalized.
Two Responses:
1.I agree with D_duarte, that the Paris commune led to the structure of the Third French Republic. It was a weak attempt, loosing the faith of many French citizens. Many scandals also affected this type of government being the Dreyfus affair causing confusion among its citizens.
2.I agree with Jessica Silva that unification was led by the path of nationalism. Germany affected the society with the help of Bismark he reformed new acts for the social classes rather than focusing on one. Bismark formed Germany to a well established country for greatness.
Responses:
I agree with Jessica Silva. She states how political parties, SDP and the Center Party arose. Then Bismarck fearing the influence that the they can have on the government. He tried to enforce laws on limiting it. He failed in suppressing the political parties later making the SPD the largest influence in the German government.
I also agree with laurenG. She talks about how successful Britain was during the age of mass politics. The two leaders, Disraeli and Gladstone, were able to better the lives of the working class. They issued an enormous amount of reforms and acts. These helped the lower class in gaining knowledge, more a place in governments, and other benefits.
Government policies such as parties, reforms, and different structures during the Age of Mass Politics had a big impact during the period of 1817-1914.
The German Empire had a government structure. It was the term used to refer to Germany from the Germany unification. The German Empire was emerged as one of the most powerful industrial economy on Earth. Kaiser Wilhelm had the ultimate power and Otto Von Bismarck served as the chancellor. German nationalism rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in 1848. Bismarck was unsuccessful in limiting its growth of the S.P.D. Bismarck sought to limit influence of Catholic Party in light of Pope Pius IX's declaration in 187o and he ultimately failed. William II opposed Bismarck's move to renew to outlaw S.P.D and it became the largest party in the Reichstag.
The Paris Commune was a radical communist government and gained much power and lay siege to Paris. With the peace agreement with Prussia, the Paris Commune refused to recognize the authority of the National Assembly. However, the French government fell dozens of times. By 1914, Third Republic enjoyed vast support of the French people.
In Great Britain, Disraeli's Reform Bill of 1867, redistributed seats to provide more equitable representation in the House of Commons and it gave men in urban centers to have the right to vote. The Liberal Party had its social and economic programs. The Parliament Act of 1911 was the most significant political reform during Liberal party rule.
2 RESPONSES
I agree with Adesuyo. Although the S.P.D became the largest party in the Reichstag, Bismarck was unsuccessful in limiting its growth. Despite its being driven underground.
I also agree with cheyenne b. when she explained how Gladstone was liberal. The Parliament Act of 1911 was a reform during Liberal party rule.
Government policies in western and central Europe were definetly impacted by mass politics during 1871-1914. Mass politics has to do with policies determined by the emergence of political parties. An example could be the Gladstone and Disraeli administrations of Great Britain.
Gladstone's first period as prime minister culminated with the emergence of the Liberal Party. Staying true to his political roots, he conducted policies such as opening the Church of England to people of other classes and people of other religious denominations. He also introduced the Education Act, which made the British government run and establish the elementary schools. In addition to removing Anglican requirements for enrollment to Oxford and Cambridge Universities, his reforms were typically liberal. Meanwhile, Disraeli, his conservative counterpart, produced policies that stayed true to his conservative roots. He established the Artisan Dwelling Act in which the government provided housing for the working class and the Public Health Act confirmed the government's duty to protect the health and physical well-being of its citizens.
This is an example of the emergence of mass political parties (Liberal and Conservative) that influence the government policies of a country (Great Britain).
I agree with adesuyo on what she pointed out on Great Britain. She pointed out Disraeli's policies and how they were conneceted to his conservative roots such as his favoritism towards the working class. She also pointed out how he was influenced by John Stuart Mill. Disraeli was sympathetic to the working class, and she said that in connections with the 1867 Reform Bill and the Artisan Dwelling Act.
the "Age of Mass Politics," was a time where political issues were extremely active.
In France, the Third Republic was created. the Dreyfus Affair, which was the most serious threat to the republic. The Dreyfus Affair exposed the French legal system and how bias and unstable it was. Another problem the third republic faced was the Boulanger Crisis, which was the gain support of military, and also plotted a coup to overthrow the republican.
Germany’s influence was widely spread throughout Europe. Otto Van Bismarck served as the chancellor and the sole leader behind the government structure. Germany created the Reichstag. There were also an appearance of many political parties such as the Center Party, the Catholics, and the Social Democratic Party, the socialists. Bismarck was afraid of their influence and tried to limit it but failed to do so. SPD prevaled and became the largest influence in the Reichstag
In Great Britain, Gladstone and Disraeli were the 2 forerunners in G.B, the Conservative Party under Disraeli, and a Liberal Party under William Gladstone. William Gladstone was the created of the Education Act, and the Secret Ballot Act, and Disraeli created the Public Health Act and Artisan Housing Act. All those acts had positive effects on G.B.
I agree with tiffany. I agree with her on the topic of France goverment and domectic policies were hugely influenced by mass politics After the huge scandal of the dreyfus affair France knew it needed some change so the national brought in a bunch of domestic reforms. And all these scandals led to the major fall of France's third republic.
2.I also agree with Roosevelt. this period of time greatly affected the middle class in a postive way. Especially the middle class of G.B.
I agree with nartanna on what she mentioned on William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli. She mentions on how they both wanted to improve the well-being of their citizens. They were both doing this, despite different political agendas as they were both from different parties. I also agree with how their policies eventually increased the nationalism of Britain, as evident when Disraeli contemplated to stop the Russians from dominating the Mediterranean, and "jingoism" was present.
During the period 1871-1914 the age of mass politics greatly impacted policies in western and central European countries. Nationalism played a huge part in mass politics. Many political movements and reforms were influenced by different social classes and political parties. Both Disraeli and Gladstone wanted to improve the lives of their people. Disraeli's artisan dwelling act provided housing for for the unemployed. The Public Health Act also worked to protect health and physical well-being. Gladstone contributed to the Education Act of 1870 which established that the government, not the church would run elementary schools. This act effected education by improving literacy skills. This improved the public's education and citizens became more responsible.
I agree with nartanna. Under bismarck's control a new country started to form. Bismarck was greatly impacted by mass politics. He established a politican and economic structure and unified Germany.
I also agree with d_duarte. The thrid french republic was a great example of how mass politics impacted western and central europe. The paris commune was radicals and socialists attempt to govern Paris away from the rest of France. This commune however was defeated and put down by the Nationtion assembly.
During 1871-1914 government policies greatly impacted mass politics as nationalism played a big role throughout Britain,Germany, and France. Many reforms is what led these countries to have a national based government.Many hve been created by the government in western europe which eventualy led to the reforms in central Europe. People whom greatly impacted these reforms in the government are Disraeli and William Gladstone.Disraeli created the Public Health act nd he also created an act which built homes for the working class. William Gladstone created the Secret Ballot act and he also allowed the government to take over elemntary schools allowing them to seperate from the church, allowing more kids to be open to an education.They created reforms that benifited more than one class especially the working class which alowed poeple to be more national for their country. Their reforms were an example of representation of the government through the people and expanded the growth of nationalism.
The different types of parties also impacted mass politics. In Germany u had the junkers, Social Democratic Party, and the Center Party. And France was ran by the third republic based on the Bourgouesi. You also had the liberals and conservatives which asked for two different types of changed yet they both conveyed some sort of nationalism acts.
I agree with Jessica Sylva on how she says the party's were based on national reforms, because most of what was done during this time period was to benifit the working class and create some sense of national pride from within the people. Many of the policies in central Europe were impacted by those of western Europe.
Government polices in western and central Europe were extremley impacted by mass politics.Mass politics was the time period when people felt that they needed to be loyal to the gocvernment and political parties were very active in politics. The increase in male suffrage and literacy demanded change for the people from the government.Britian was very active in reforms.Gladstone passed the elementary education act of 1870 which consisted of boards ,These boards had the power to levy rates construct schools, employ teachers, and the ability to force children to attend (if they thought fit) those who were receiving no other education. They were also able to pay certain children fees for vouluntary schools.Disraeli took part in the Artisian Dwelling act of 1875 which provided many of the working class with homes.In france the paris commune failed to recognize the national assembly which caused many problems.
2 responses:
I agree with Jessica Silva when shee says that Gladstone's and Disraeli appealed to different social parties.their reforms ranged from many different issues.But at the end of the day most of the reforms were done for the benefit of themselves.
I agree with roosevelt when he says that disralei felt for the working class and women.The education act allowed women to pick the board members.Also the act allowed them to serve on the board.He also passed the reform bill of 1867 which gave industrial workers the right to vote.
How were government policies in western and central Europe impacted by mass politics during the period 1871-1914?
The western and central Europe had really impacted during the age of the mass politics which was in the late 18th century and in the early 19th century.it was when the political problems were pre-dominated by the politics. the countries like France,Germany,and Great Britain's policies were the ones that were impacted during this time. where in great britain, Disraeli, which was a prime minister, had to begin to sympathize the working class, which had also passed the second reform bill, in which it had extended the vote to urban heads of households.
In France, the Third French Republic was formed in which it had to deal with a past that still divided the segments of the French public.It was broken down to the chamber of deputies that was separeated apart from 4 gropus so that it can be sure that a group would not have had more control and power than the other.
In Germany, Otto von Bismarck which was one of the most enojoyed by Prussia for the most remarkable states men of the 19th century. He had formed the Reichstaf that was a form of parliament.The Catholic Party and the SPD were suppressed by Bismarck which he had tried to limit their influence.
my two responses:
1)i agree with ceenguyen that in France the Third Republic was created. France had seemed to have tortured existence throughtout the 19 century as it had continued to grapple with the legacy of the French Revoulution. It was a measure of stability that had emerged with this rise of the Third French Republic.
2)I also agree with jenniferbee that Disraeli had mad the Reform Bill of 1867 which was passed to double the size of the electorate and giving the vore to the urban head of the households.
Government policies in western and central Europe were greatly affected by the "Age of Mass Politics" during the eighteen and nineteenth century. During the mass politics, political parties ruled over politics. Germany, France, and Great Britain were all involved in altering their government structures. Germany, under Otto Von Bismark reign, established a bicameral legislature called the Reichstag. This federal council was created to control Germany. It contained two groups: the Bundestag which was the lower body that represented the nation, and the Bundesrat which was the upper body that represented several German states. The Reichstag suppressed organization, meetings, newspapers, and public activities of the Social Democratic Party. In France, they created the Third Republic which were dominated by the bourgeoisie. It was politically very unstable, there was rivalry between monarchies and republicans, and had a number of scandals, like the Dreyfus Affair. Also, Great Britain experienced economic growth, periods of jingoism, and expanded democracy. Two political parties aroused under Disraeli and Gladstone. Disraeli was the leader of the Conservative Party, who established the Reform Bill of 1867 and expanded electorate. He was a strong imperialist who focused more on extending Britain's borders. Gladstone, who was the leader of the Liberal Party. instituted the Reform Act of 1884 and helped Ireland control its own government. He supported free trade lowered taxes, and focused on the domestic issues of Britain. He wasn't for expanding the empire big.
I agree with ceenguyen, that Great Britain was a part of the era, "The Age of Mass politics. William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli heavily contributed to the government issues in Britain. Although they were under different parties, they were both successful in restructuring Britain for the better. They both passed many acts that appealed to the people such as the Reform Bill of 1867 and Reform Act of 1867. Even though Gladstone stressed on domestic issues while Disreali focused on expanding its borders, it both balanced out.
I agree with Tiffany.t that there were many problems and scandals in the Third Republic of France. The multi-party system concluded with shifting political coalitions and many conservatives challenged republicanism. Scandals aroused such as the Boulanger crisis and the Dreyfus Affair. In the Boulanger Crisis, Georges Boulanger wanted to be the leader of France and rule over affairs. So he attempted a coup to overthrow the republic, but was unsuccessful. The Dreyfus Affair was the most serious threat to the republic. Dreyfus, a Jewish captain, was falsely accused of sending secret information to the German army.
Government policies in western and central Europe were impacted by mass politics. Germany and France were impacted by their own governing ways. In Germany Otto Von Bismarck was elected the great chancellor. There were a legistlature consisted of two houses. The "Bundesrat" was comoposted of members appointed by the governments of the states, and a lower house "Reichstag" was chosn by universal male suffrage. The Reichstag had little power because the minsters were responsible only to the monarch. The chancellor had to then propose all laws. This then created the consitution of the Northern German Confederation wich became the consitution of the German Empire.
While in France the French created The Third Republic. The group was dividied in the House of Bourbon and the House of Orleans. The political structure of the Third Republic proved much stronger than many citizens suspected at that time.
I agree with ceenguyen because The Third Republic was unstable like scandals like the Dreyfus Affair. Dreyfus was convicted without any fair because he was a Jew. Thus this caused France to get divided.
I agree with sharonxx because the Reichstag was really weak and had to suppress all of those. The Reichstag could not even originate legislation and only supported the monarchy.
There were many government policies that were issued in the western and centeral Europe during the age of mass politics. Many of which helped soceity and communtity in a positive conotation. For example, The Irish Question established by William Gladstone. The Irish Question was a govermentl policy that made Ireland independent from Britian especially in a religious standpoint. This was a big change for Britian and European society. Another policy in western Europe that increased male sufferage was the Ballot Act of 1872. The Ballot introduced the idea of the privacy of voting in a secret ballot. Many of these acts and policies impacted in the age of mass politics in a political standpoint.
2 responses
in responsee to ceenguyen i agree with ceenquyen that Germany had a great impact in the age of mass polotics. Especially in a political standpoint.
I also agree what ceenquyen states about France. That the French developed a 3rd republic that over threw the republic yet dealt with many scandals, inculuding the Dreyfuss Affair.
The Age of Mass Politicks had a tremendous impact on the policies of several countries such as Germany, France, Britain, and certain areas from Austria. The government had several different groups that represented the ideas of certain people such as the Whigs. Nationalism plays a key role because it unifies many ideas together under 1 title.
Germany is one of the countries that went through many different political parties before the unification. Germany had several groups such as the Junkers and the Social Democratic Party, all of whom were under a government. One man began to notice this, and he was very disturbed by the groups of S.P.D and the Catholics. His name was Otto Von Bismarck. He began to create several taxes that hindered the growth of these 2 groups. As you can see, the political parties did have an affect on the policies that were being released.
Other countries such as Britain had 2 dominant parties, battling it out for the good of their country. Take into account for Britain. Britain had two opposing forerunners who were Disraeli and Gladstone. Both wished to see the country flourish, however each had a different way of thought to achieving this "mind-set." Disraeli advocated protection for the weak while Gladstone actively pursued Individualism. The government policies are, once again, impacted heavily by the different types of mass politics during that time era.
I agree with Giu.raymundo on how the Dreyfus affair exposed many of the flaws within the government. It showed the corruption that it had within its system, which brought distrust by the people.
I also agree with JamesLee on how the Reichstag was very unstable. It supported the monarchy, but not the people. This would cause many problems, because it also refers to the Old Regime, where the Monarchy is dominant over the balance of power.
The major countries in Europe were all impacted by mass politics. The political upheaval during this time were many and effective. In Germany, Otto van Bismarck undertook many new laws etc to industrialize Germany using the motto, "Blood and Iron." In Germany, the strict policies of the state provided potential conflicts within the Junkers and the administrative government.
In England, the policies of Disraeli and Gladstone powered the reforms. They addressed issues by issuing reform laws and addressing the Irish question. In France the Third Republic was dominated by the bourgeoisie. The many scandals of this administration greatly damaged the power of the bourgeoisie.
I agree with Giu.raymundo on how the Dreyfus affair exposed many of the flaws within the government. The affair contributed to the loss of trust in the government that took place in France.
I agree with Richard about the fact that Britain's two prime ministers differing views caused conflict. However, it also got things done because some of the focus was on different things. Gladstone focused on the domestic affairs whereas Disraeli focused on imperialistic matters, both of which were important.
Post a Comment