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Nelson Mandela
Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.
Thomas Jefferson
"Nothing can stop the man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude." by Thomas Jefferson
Albert Einstein
Understanding of our fellow human beings...becomes fruitful only when it is sustained by sympathetic feelings in joy and sorrow.
Machiavelli
"He who wishes to be obeyed must know how to command."
Napoleon Crossing the Alps
by Jacques Louis David
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About Me
Delacroix "Liberty leading the people"
"Liberty leading the people."
Unknown Rebel
Tianamen Square (China) 1989
Class of 2010 (1st APEH in 2008)
41 comments:
Babylonian Captivity
Great Schism
100 Years War
Joan of Arc
Do we really have to remember all the names of the "important" people and memorize their most significant contribution? :\
You are not remembering all of the famous people just focus on the one's that we discuss in class but you will need to be familiar with many of them. What you should be doing is reviewing and studying as we go so you don't get bogged down right before the test when it comes to studying. If you noticed I've given you 4 items that will be on the test. Once someone comments on those four items (significance, impact, etc) then I will give you guys more items that will be on the test. The first test is 45 questions Multiple Choice. I will eventually give you all 45 items that will be on the test so if I were you I'd get the word out (again) to your classmates to begin our blog review session. Hope this helps. Mr. Neal
Good Afternoon/Evening:
Hope you enjoy your three day weekend. Just a few reminders for you as we head into the home stretch.
1. Unit 1 Test 9/8 (Please be sure to review notes/readings and/or study guide to assist you in preparing for the test. The Unit 1 essay questions are also a great source to use)
2. Multiple choice Test is 45 questions.
3. Be up to date on New Monarchs (esp. Spain) & Age of Exploration.
4. Some students have not posted under blog #1, please do so or you will get a "0" for that assignment.
5. On Unit Planner you have two more assignments to complete: APPARTS and 1 question located directly on the unit planner at the bottom of the page.
6. Map Test is on 9/12.
Have a great weekend and Good Luck! .Mr. Neal
Fortune favors the bold but abandons the timid. If it's worthwhile, go for it!
Pope Clement V moved the papal court ot Avignon, which was located in France. He did this to get away from Rome, which was filled with strife. The period of time when the Popes were located in Avignon was called the Babylonian Captivity, as well as the Avignon Papacy. During this time, there were seven French Popes, and citizens of Rome were desperate for the papacy to be restored to its previous location as life became a struggle without the papacy. The Babylonian Captivity ended as the Great Schism began. The Babylonian Captivity was significant, because it shows the effect of a society where religious authority thirsted for secular power. The Avignon Papacy had moved after all the trouble between Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair, which was a quarrel over power.
The Great Schism was when there were more than one Pope at the same time, and each refused to recognize the other or step down. The cardinals in Rome elected an Italian pope, while France elected a French one. The conciliar movement ended the Great Schism. People who believed in the conciliar theory felt that a pope should be regulated by a representative council of the church. This time in history is important because it shows how Europeans were dependent on their Pope during the Middle Ages, but also how the Pope was less concerned with religious affairs, and more with power. Instead of recognizing a Pope from another country, they wanted one in their sphere of influence.
The Hundred Year's War was caused by a variety of factors that contributed to the tension between France and England. England and France had territories that were too close in proximity, England help several French territories, the two countries had quarreled over Flanders, and lastly, Edward III claimed the French throne, but the French instead gave it to his first cousin. At first England had seem to be most likely to be victorious, but in the end, France was able to push England back. Although the war is called the "Hundred Years'" war, there was a time of inactivity. The impact of the war, along with the Bubonic Plague, both contributed to the lost of power among the monarchs and church.
Joan of Arc was a peasant who claimed that God had told her that she was to besieged ORleans from the English. A hopeless Charles VII was desperate and allowed her to take action. Since the English force had been exhausted, Joan of Arc had an advantage. Not only was she able to lead the French in pushing back the English from Orleans, but also helped them gain some additional victories. The fact that she introduced a sense of national identity is why she was so significant.
Laura Santos:
Babylonian Captivity: when jerusalem was captured by king Nebuchadnezzer.
Great Schism: When there was two popes who were in contradiction to eachother.This happened due to the wanting of an italian pope.
100 years war: England and France went to war becuase of a Edwards right to the throne of french was declined. Also, England and France argued about Flanders.
Joan of Arc: Was a peasant from easteern France. She led the french to Orleans. Wher France deafeted the English.
Babylonian Captivity: The period when the popes at Avignon were confined as well as the exile of the Jews in Babylon.
Great Schism: When more than one pope was elected so they fought for power and it ended because the conciliar movement.
100 Years War: A series of conflicts between England and France, which lasted 116 years.
Joan of Arc: A peasant from Eastern France who lead France to victories. Her most famous victory was leading the French army to Orleans to defeat the English.
Hey Hey we woke up on this site. Ok, Let me feed you some more Test items.
Machiavelli (you gotta love him)
Thomas More
Erasmus
Humansim vs. Christian Humanism
Italian Renaissance vs. Northern Renaissance
Humansim vs. Christian Humanism:
Humanism was mainly focused on bringing more attention to studies, and Roman and Greek philosophies and teachings were brought back. Individualism was also emphasized, and scholars started to study people as an individual rather than people as a group. Christian Humanism was the start of the Protestant Reformation, in a way, because churchgoers wanted the Church to focus on religious aspects instead of being so invovled in politics and secular activities.
I'm not sure if I'm right... correct me if I'm wrong?
Anyways...
Italian Renaissance vs. Northern Renaissance:
The Italian Renaissance strongly focused on Humanism and Individualism, but they also separated secular from religious. Many philosophers criticized religious teachings all the while maintaining their spirituality. Someone (I forgot their name) pointed out mistakes in the Bible, and others wrote sattires to bring the Church's corruption into light. They were more involved in politics than the Northern countries. Italian artists also drew people with poise and in a perfect light, focusing on just the individual.
The Northern Renaissance circled around keeping Christianity pure and intermixing religion with every day work. They wanted the Church to alleviate from their corrupted ways, because that was bringing down the Church and causing people to doubt religion. Northerners weren't as invovled in politics, and wrote more sattirical pieces. Their artists liked to depict their subjects in an everyday working manner, and usually drew a group of people as a whole, and emphasized landscapes.
"Babylonian Captivity: when jerusalem was captured by king Nebuchadnezzer."
Actually, wouldn't the Babylonian Captivity be more of a biblical symbol, because "when Jerusalem was captured by king Nabuchadnezzer" is the literal definition of the term, but the way the Babylonian Captivity is used during the Middle Ages is about the church confining itself internally.
Which event marked the end of the Italian Renaissance?
What factor(s) led to the increased power of the New Monarchs? Give an example of a specific nation and how their power increased.
What would be a major change to upper-class women's role/status during the Renaissance?
What were some of the long-term consequences of Spain's conquest of the New World?
How will the following 3 economic concepts/terms affect European society?
Mercantilism
Commercial Revolution
Colombian Exchange
Who is considered the "Father of Humanism"? What were some of his major ideas?
Which event marked the end of the Italian Renaissance?
Ooh, wasn't that the Sack of Rome? Caused by the Spanish army.
Machiavelli: Created two books that were total opposites from eachother. He was a humanist from an italian city-state. One of the books he wrote was The Prince.
Thomas More: was a humanist. He wrote the book Utopia.where he desrcibed a city that lived for pleasure.
Erasmus:Was a humanist he wrote In praise of Folly. He wrote many satires.He also traveled england where he was able to spread humanism. He was a christian believer. He commented on church errors.
Humanism vs. christian Humanism: The major difference between these two was that christian humanism involved religion.Christian humanism humanist style of writing was flemish they created lots of satires.It also had mysticism. They both were inspired by antiquity of Greek and Rome.
Humanism from italy emphasized individualism.
Italian Reniassance vs. Northern reniassance:
Italian Reniassance thought the human body was beautiful and had potential. Humanist from Italy were involved in politics. Their view was state over church.They aslo had a secular view meaning they were non-religion. They had different rulers.
Northern Reniassance focused more on religion.They were big on church reform. Their pope didn't have much power.Their work had a lot of satires. They were same in many more ways than they were different.They both promoted Education ,Emphasized individualism, wrote in vernacular,re-captured the classics and rejected aristolle's beliefs.
1) The Sack of Rome marked the end of the Italian reniassance.
2) Some factors that lead to the New monarchs were...
The 100 yrs war, the clergy and the nobility weakend and were unable to stop any growing of Monarchy.
People from society that were loyal like some business-wise towns people. Were staffs of royal offices. They became book keepers, military tacticians and foriegn diplomats.This strong bond they started creating made it possible for feudalism to end and strong states to grow.
The nations of aragon and castile grew becuase of the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. Their use of Monarchy helped these two nations grow strong. The barely met with the cortes. They were able to make their on decisions without discussing it with other people who had power.
The father of humanim was Petrarch. He wrote sonnets to Laura.His writing didn't involve religion. He was also the first modern writer.Some of his ideas involved indiviualism, greek and rome classics.
I will answere the other two questions later.
3) The upperclass women in the renaissance were educated to be able to keep conversations during parties.
4)Some of the long-term consequences of Spanish take on the new world were....
The increase in prices. The prices kept going up and the wages for the workers didn't match up close to how much the prices increased.
This wealth did help out the goverement. The goverment funded basic research, printing, shipping, mining, textile and weapon industries.
another long term consequence is the problems europe will have to face. They started the shipment of slaves to the americas. On these shipments they brought disease to the americas.
5)
Mercantilism: Europe will gain wealth by importing raw materials from the americas, But they might have to face some trouble.
Commercial Revolution: takes a big shift on Europian economy.Europe starts using a lot of its banking and credit. The guilds choose the prices and quality.
Columbian Exhange: The exchange of animals, plant , and disease effects Europe becuase these animals and plants weren't native to europe so they might affect agriculture and life in europe.
The exchange of disease kills many because their immune system does not recognize it, but it will eventually make their immune system stronger.
Machiavelli: Italian humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. His most famous writing was The Prince.
Thomas More: A civic humanist from England. He wrote Utopia which mixed civic humanism with religious ideas.
Erasmus: Prince of humanism, he made translations of Greek and Latin versions of the New Testament.
Humanism vs. Christian Humanism: Humanism focused more on individualism and the study of Latin and Greek classics. Christian Humanism was more religious and didn't focus as much on politics and secular activities.
Italian Renaissance vs Northern Renaissance: The Italian Renaissance focused on humanism, individualism, and secular views. The Northern Renaissance was religious.
Petrarch is considered the "Father of Humanism." He influenced the Renaissance by fostering its development and he was interested in reviving the ideas from Greek and Roman times.
Which nations will dominate the age of exploration? Why? Will this age of exploration have more positive or negative results on Europe's economy & society...
Jacob burckhardt studied art history and history. He was the first to call it The Reniassance. Both Jacob and Kelly wrote about the reniassance and the things that happened during the reniassance.
Castiglione wrote The Couture. Where he wrote about the true reniasance man known as Virtu. In this book he also talked about the role the women had.
Mannerism was a form of art in which the artist showed their emotions.
Civic Humanism: Some humanist started involving themselves in politics. They thought that they should promote individual virtue and public services rather than just focus on latin classics. So they can help their goverement grow stonger
Lorenzo Valla was an expert on the latin language. His intellect on the latin language let him notice the erros of the catholic church.
Spain is going to dominate the age of exploration. They conquered The Aztecs and Incas. Once they new their way through sea they started importing raw materials from latin america. This Will have more postive results on Europe.
As anyone else going to put in their two cents on some of these ideas. I'm starting to feel like I only have about 4-5 students in AP European History that are game....
1. Lorenzo Valla
2. Mirandola
3. Jan Huss/John Wycliff
4.Humanism vs. Scholaticism
5.Impact of the Printing Press
Oh yes, great job keeping it rolling. You can respond under same comment section you don't have to comment in different spots.
Jacob Burkhardt and Joan Kelly both historians about Renaissance..what do they bring to the table.
Castiglione.....
Mannerism (artistic style)
Civic humanism
Who would be a great example of a renaissance man? Why? Hint: it has to be someone from the time the renaissance occurred..
Which nations will dominate the age of exploration? Why? Will this age of exploration have more positive or negative results on Europe's economy & society...
Gonna take a shot in the dark on this one.
Spain, France, and Great Britain I'm assuming, due to the new monarchies reshaping how each country conducts itself and taking more control over their respective nations. Increased nationalism, decreased power for nobles, and established national armies will make each of these three countries into international powers.
The Age of Exploration will have a more positive effect on European economy because it will give Europeans a chance in spreading their trade to brand new nations where the people will have a great want for products that are only available in Europe, and will socially be positive because it gives a chance for colonization of new lands and it will increase a social interest in cartography and sailing, because with the more discoveries made, the more popular both fields will be.
I should read more if i'm wrong.
Lorenzo valla was an expert on the latin language. He translated the bible. He also pointed out many errors of the church.
Pico della Mirandola was a member of the Platonic academy. Created the Oration on the Dignity Of Man. Which is said to be the most famous reniassance work on the nature of humankind. He is the one that said Humans were created by god and therefore given tremendous potential for greatness.
John huss and John Wycliff bothe thought church should follow scripture. Huss was in the nationalist party. His followers known as hussites staged a rebeliion in the 14th century.
Humanism was about studying the ancient greek and romans. They emphasized individualism.
Scholasticism was aristole's ideas and christianity together. Which Humanist rejected sholasticism.
The printing press helped spread humanist ideas by printing the many of the humanist books.The humanist then gained a bigger sudience.This invention also helped many readers gaiun self esteem and a broader mind. The creation of the printing press made it possible to print a lot more bibles.
I think Leonardo da Vinci was a Renaissance man.
Mannerism (artistic style):
Mannerism is Michelangelo's new style of Renaissance painting which alleviates from the simplicity and symmetry of former art, and gives room for strange and abnormal concepts.
Civic humanism:
Civic Humanismis geared toward political affairs using education as a way of having more pratical methods of performing politics, or public service. Civit humanists later became snobby and cliquish, being part of the elitess class.
Who would be a great example of a renaissance man? Why? Hint: it has to be someone from the time the renaissance occurred..
Leonardo da Vinci is considered a true Renaissance man because he was extremely invovled in the new Humanism ideas. da Vinci advocated scientific experimentation, dissected corpses to learn about human structure, and learned botany on his own. He even predicted modern machines such as airplanes. On top of that, his art portrayed inner moodes through intricate facial expressions.
By the way guys... do the curve packet, especially the study guide, because it REALLY helps (:
Jan Huss/John Wycliff:
Huss and Wycliff didn't agree with the church's secular ways, so they came up with more spiritually centered ideas of religion. The Lollards were Wycliff's followers. He believed that royalty had power over the popes, and challenged indulgences. The Hussites were followers of Huss, and their ideas were similar to the Lollards. Their ideas contributed to the start of the Protestant Reformation.
Impact of the Printing Press:
The printing press allowed for everyday people to read Greek and Roman literature in their native tongue, the Vernacular. This allowed people to grow intellectually and incorporate these ideas into their everyday life. The Holy Bible also became more widespread, and the church redoubled their efforts to keep churchgoers under their power.
You guys are on fire...I think I only saw a couple of errors in answers...Age of Exploration (Who dominated?) Also the Sack of Rome...you may want to check one of your classmates answers because it was a little off.. and your probably wondering why I don't just give you the answer's..well, I think you all can figure it out yourselves but also it really doesn't help you if I do that.
Christine de Pisan...(a woman, yes a woman)
How did men view educated women during the Renaissance?
Treaty of Lodi (quiz question which I made a bonus question....)
Donatello and Leonardo da Vinci
Renaissance architecture
Where did all the wealth come from to support art patronage? (this kept the banks flowing in cash)
Christine de Pisan was a privileged and educated noblewoman that wrote "The Treasure of the City of Ladies". She was a writer, with expertise in various languages. In her book, she stated that a wife should be supportive of her husband and encourage them to do well. She stated that women should not go around gossiping with neighbors, nor should they be criticizing the man of the house. While the Middle Ages focused on men pleasing the women, de Pisan's work shows that during the Renaissance, it was the opposite. Instead, women were supposed to be the ones to satisfy the men and make him happy, or else they would not have the necessities of life.
During the Renaissance, women were seen more as an ornament more than anything else. This is why educated women were seen as a prize. No man was going to walk around showing off a wife that was uneducated with no knowledge of the basic manners and morals of life. While women were also as ambitious and well rounded as men at this time in history, they were always seen as inferior.
The Treaty of Lodi was a political alliance that brought Milan and Naples into an alliance with Florence. The city states needed some cooperation to keep their nation safe from foreign invasions. Milan, Naples, and Florence were at peace through this treaty, and they opposed Venice, which sometimes teamed up with the Papal States. However, the peace that the Treaty caused ended when Naples threatened Milan.
Donatello is said by some to have been one of the artists who invented the Renaissance style. His art revived Classical sculpture through contrapposto (the pose where weight is concentrated on one leg and the body is relaxed), and he also sculpted with much expertise on the anatomy of humans. His sculture, "David", was the first freestanding, life-sized, nude sculpture since the Classical period.
Leonardo da Vinci was the definition of a true Renaissance man. Not only did he have much charm, but he had knowledge of many subjects. His notebooks filled with his sketches and ideas of anatomy are so accurate that they could be used to this day, and his expertise also included engineering, astronomy, math, music, natural history, and of course, art. The Mona Lisa displays his knowledge of anatomy through her hands and uses many Renaissance art techniques, such as chiaroscuro and perspective. Another famous work of his was The Last Supper.
Architecture in the Renaissance revived the artistic achievements of Rome. Like the Romans, there was much emphasis on symmetry, and elements such as the dome and rounded arch were revived. There were also proportions involved in the architecture of the Renaissance. Brunelleschi was a Renaissance architect who is known as the father of modern engineering. He constructed the dome for the Florence Cathedral, which is the Eighth Wonder of the World, and emphasized symmetry and regularity. There's also Bramante who built the Tempietto, where St. Peter was crucified. The Tempietto expressed order, simplicity, and proportions that went well together. Then there was Palladio who wrote a book that would later act as a guide for architects interested in reviving the architecture of the Renaissance.
Italy was located between bodies of water, which allowed for much trade to occur. As a result, the Italian merchants quickly mastered the art of trade. Wealth that resulted from the trade allowed for the Italian city-states to grow artistically. Much money went to the arts. Patrons of art included the Medici family, such as Lorenzo the Magnificent.
Another was the church, which commissioned projects such as Michelangelo's work on the Sistine Chapel.
Ok, let me restate the question on the wealth, where did much of it come from (location(s).
Boccacio's Decameron (sounds like some sea food to me?)
The Star Chamber (What and the world was this used for?)
Gun Powder's impact (bang! bang!)
Encomienda
Spanish Empire under Ferdinand and Isabella (major characteristics)
Results of the Commercial Revolution (time to be more detailed folks)
Who dominated Age of Exploration?
The Age of Exploration was at first dominated by the Portuguese and the Spanish. The Golden Age of Exploration later on saw English explorers such as Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh.
How did men view educated women
during the Renaissance?
Women during the Renaissance period were not supposed to be educated. So, men' of the Renaissance did not have a favorable view of educated women.
Where did all the wealth come from to support art patronage?
A lot of the wealthy families supported and sponsored art and agriculture. The Medici family was a big contributor to that.
The Star Chamber (What and the world was this used for?)
The court of Star Chamber was organized by Charles IV to keep the nobles in check. The king's councilors were judges, and they were morally just. This made the court system more equitable. This also gave the nobles some power while still being under the king's rule.
Gun Powder's impact (bang! bang!)
I'm not sure about this one, but this is what I remembered from class.
Gun Powder changed the way of fighting in England, because now wars were more lethal. Armies became more powerful, as guns and cannons can shoot from afar, and cause more damage. There was no purpose for knights anymore, because their way of fighting became something of the past, as using swords wasn't as effective and using guns.
Spanish Empire under Ferdinand and Isabella (major characteristics)
The Spanish empire grew extremely strong under Ferdinand and Isabella, who married to create a more unified Spain. Christianity became the prime religion, and many were forced to change their beliefs. Ferdinand and Isabella also conquered many surrounding areas and secured their borders. Their rule created a more unified Spain, even though the policies in each ruler's area differed greatly. Aragon wasn't as rich as Castile, and Castile was much more populous. Castile's industry was also agriculturally based.
For all our newbies, you guys need to fall in place and start to give some input/insight on some of these topics.
Marsilius of Padua, Defender of the Pope
15th Century Italy (Political environment and economic environment)
15th Century France--describe it...(New Monarchs)
15th Century England--describe it...
Spanish impact on the Incan/Aztec empires
Gunpowders impact on nobility???
Hanseatic League purpose/area of domination
Black Death (sorry forgot this one but figured you'd know it)
Sample M/C Questions:
Which of the following explorers, sailing under the flag of Portugal, reached the west coast of India in 1498 after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean?
(A) John Cabot
(B) Vasco da Gama
(C) Bartolomeu Dias
(D) Amerigo Vespucci
(E) Ferdinand Magellan
Which of the following was generally supported by the mercantilists?
(A) Formation of new guilds
(B) Destruction of factories
(C) Creation of a universal monetary standard
(D) Development of colonies
(E) Decentralization of government
Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from
(A) religious asceticism
(B) classical languages and literature
(C) the curricula of medieval universities
(D) political reforms of the Holy Roman Empire
(E) the ideas of Dante’s Inferno
Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion or conversion of Muslims and Jews in Spain because
(A) Ferdinand and Isabella were hostile to religious faiths other than Christianity
(B) Ferdinand and Isabella feared that if they did nothing many Christians would leave Spain
(C) Spanish Muslims and Jews were believed to hinder the economic development of Spain
(D) Spanish Muslims and Jews outnumbered Christians in most large cities in the kingdom
(E) Spanish Muslims and Jews were protected by foreign powers hostile to Spain
Which of the following describes a major differ¬ence between northern humanists and Italian human¬ists?
(A) Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists concentrated on nature and emotion.
(B) Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics.
(C) Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanists viewed human nature as generally good.
(D) Both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters.
(E) Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.
so i have been trying to figure out how to comment! finnally figured it out, yay!
I have some questions.. Natsuki, didnt you say that men didnt think well of educated women? I thought that they favored educated women because they could entertain them in conversation? But at the same time didnt want their wife to be smarter than them.. Also, what exactly was considered to be a "renaisance man"? I thought that it was a man who was an indivisualist and free thinker?
Also, what was the other book Machiavelli wrote (besides The Prince)?
oh goodness! I have been having blog-issues, I have not been able to figure out how to post my comments.. But hopefully, it works this time. I had a few question.. Weren't educated women actually desirable to a man? Because they could have an entertainig conversation? Also, what was the other book Machiavelli wrote? (besides the prince) What exactly was considered to be a "renaissance man"? I thought it was an idivisualist and free thinker?
I just wanted to point out that i was able to post my comment! I thought i'd share my enthusiasm with you all! :) And Mr. Neal, I think the whole blog thing is amazing!! It really has helped me out a lot just by reading everyone's comments!
"I have some questions.. Natsuki, didnt you say that men didnt think well of educated women? I thought that they favored educated women because they could entertain them in conversation? But at the same time didnt want their wife to be smarter than them.."
They didn't think highly of them because they didn't think women were that important, whether or not they were educated. Men preferred educated women to have a intellectual showpiece to flaunt to others, but they wanted to keep their women's ideas and views personal, not public. So in reality, the women didn't have much of a Renaissance, because even if they were smarter then men, the men didn't consider them to be much more than someone they can show off and brag about.
" Also, what exactly was considered to be a "renaisance man"? I thought that it was a man who was an indivisualist and free thinker? "
A Renaissance man is someone who is well rounded in education, has good etiquette, social standing, and good morals. A good example would be Leonardo da Vinci, who not only promoted the study of science, but self-taught himself many things and pursued different subjects, not only art.
1) c
2) Mercantilism?? canit find it?
3) B
4) A
5) A
Marisulia of Padua believed that the Goverement should be secular.That no one should be punished for their crimes by the pope in present life that punishment should await after death.
In Denfender of peace the pope was seen as being in a low rank and The king/ruler had more power than the pope.
Mr. Neal, you mentioned that we would be reviewing or learning a bit more about the Spanish explorers before the test right? :)
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