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Nelson Mandela
Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.
Thomas Jefferson
"Nothing can stop the man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude." by Thomas Jefferson
Albert Einstein
Understanding of our fellow human beings...becomes fruitful only when it is sustained by sympathetic feelings in joy and sorrow.
Machiavelli
"He who wishes to be obeyed must know how to command."
Napoleon Crossing the Alps
by Jacques Louis David
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About Me
Delacroix "Liberty leading the people"
"Liberty leading the people."
Unknown Rebel
Tianamen Square (China) 1989
Class of 2010 (1st APEH in 2008)
45 comments:
Practice M/C
Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic church on the grounds that it
(A) supported priests as religious teachers
(B) sponsored translations of the Bible into vernacular languages
(C) reduced the number of sacraments
(D) used indulgences as a fund-raising device
(E) formed close associations with secular rulers
Which of the following is true of the German Peasants’ Revolt of 1524-1525?
(A) The revolt led to the emancipation of the German serfs.
(B) The revolt was organized by Martin Luther to break papal power in the German states.
(C) The peasants were supported by French armies during the revolt.
(D) The revolt was the first in Europe in which economic egalitarianism was a major rallying point.
(E) The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands.
Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic church on the grounds that it
(D) used indulgences as a fund-raising device
Which of the following is true of the German Peasants’ Revolt of 1524-1525?
(E) The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands.
Tt for3 nice job...Next clue for your classmates
How are Martin Luther and John Calvin's ideas different?
I will post the Age of Religious War test clues once people tackle these items. I am giving you way too much :) ......
What is a key feature of Anabaptist doctrine?
What are Martin Luther key beliefs:
What is the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation?
Peace of Augsbur 1555 significance
Calvin's key beliefs:
Cathlic Reformation key features
Elizabeth I policies:
Council of Trent accomplishments
Protestant Reformation and women's roles
The Act of Supremacy
Luther vs. Zwingli
Reformation influence of the modern world:
The "Weber Thesis" explanation of Calvinism
John Knox
Baroque Art, Architicture major characteristics
English Reformation Results
Review Questions on Test:
Renaissance influence on Europe
Humanism
Ferdinand and Isabella
Northern Humanist
New Monarchs (15th/16th century) economic motives, taxation policies, major political moves
1.d
2.e
Martin luther and john calvin differed in that Luther wanted to reform the church he didnt want to change it. John calvin changed the ways the church ran and the believes of the church this ends up formin Calvinism.
what is a key feauture of Anabaptist doctrine?
They belived that one should be baptized as an adult,it is not fair for a little baby to commit on something he never knew he committed to.
Martin luther key beliefs:
-bible soul authority
- took bible literarly
- individuals can have their own relationship with god
-Eucharist were both symbols of christ
-erastian doctrine(church/state relation)
-indulgences should not be sold
-baptist and communium
Anabaptist were different than other religious groups in another way? What other way was this? I'll give you a hint...no affiliation!
*Results of English Reformation
*St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre significance
*Phillip II's reign key points
*Henry IV as a "politique"
*Edict of Nantes
*Spanish Armada/Phillip II's invasion of England
*Defenestration of Prague
*Treaty of Westphalia
Council of Trent
The Edict of Nantes was granted by Henry IV and it gave Huguenots the freedom of public worship, right to assemble, and hold public office (within their own towns)
During Phillip II reign he focused on the Mediterranean and Turkish threats; with his brother in control of the Spanish armies they gained control over the Mediterranean for the time being and also suppressed resistance from Portugal. Which strengthen Spanish sea control and territories overseas under Portugal into Spanish influence.
Politiques are rulers that look for religious compromise such as the efforts of Elizabeth; Henry IV was a politique because of his decision to grant the Edict of Nantes which gave privileges to the Huguenots.
The Bartholomew's Day Massacre of Protestant is significant because it caused the French country into civil war which stopped any opposing forces that Phillip II would have had to encounter in the Netherlands and it changed the views of Catholic and Protestant struggle as it became a struggle to survive from the cruel adversary of the Catholics.
The Peace Of Augsburg:
said that ruler of land determined religion of the land.
the saying was " cuius regio eius religio"
Barqoue art:
stressed broad areas of light and shadow
color was important
was not about detial it was more about getting the idea staright
expressed emotions
was about visionaly seeing scenes that evoked holy scripture
Peter paul rueben was the one that painted christian nude scenes
Carvago: was the first and important barque painter
Baroque painting was used by the church to bring catholic followers back. When soemthing looks good it catches the eye , the catholic churches were decorated to make an atmosphere of godly and holy figures.
I AM A FAIL. FINALLY FOUND THIS (X
What is a key feature of Anabaptist doctrine?
The disagreed with baby baptism, and felt that in order to fully understand what an individual was committing him or herself to, they had to be an adult and have personal knowledge of the bible.
What are Martin Luther key beliefs:
Martin Luther believed in consubstantiation or the belief that the wine and bread co-existed with the blood and body of Jesus Christ. He also disagreed with the sales of indulgences, the selling of church positions, etc., predestination; an individual's fate is already determined, and salvation cannot be earned, but good works are expected. He also believed in a personal relationship with God without the priests as a middle man.
What is the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation?
The Catholic doctrin of transubstantiation is the belief that the wine and bread of the passover is the actual blood and body of Christ.
Peace of Augsburg 1555 significance:
The Peace of Augsburg signifies the acknowledgement of Lutheranism as an official, legal religion and gave Lutherans some priveledges to worship. They were also allowed to take back their lands that they had acquired.
Calvin's key beliefs:
Calvin believed in predestination, consubstatiation, that faith and good works led to salvation (I'm not sure on this one), and that the bible should be made available to all.
Catholic Reformation key features:
The Catholic Reformation changed the organization of the church and dictated that the church officials must lead a cleaner, moral lifestyle and be a sort of "role model" for the lay to look up to. The Council of Trent also reaffirmed traditional celebrations, indulgences, and the importance of good works. The main intention behind the Catholic Reformation was the draw back previous Catholics and centralize Catholicism.
Elizabeth I policies:
Elizabeth I was a politique, she allowed Protestants to worship and perform their religious ceremonies as long as they kept it within their territories. Through several movements, she merged Protestantism with Catholicism and made Protestantism the central religion in England. She issued the Thirty-Nine articles which was a revision of Cranmer's original Fourty-Two, and this contributed to making Protestantism the central religion.
Council of Trent accomplishments:
The Council of Trent reaffirmed traditional celebrations, indulgences, and the importance of good works. It Council was under the Pope's authority, and was Catholicism-biased. However, the pope wanted an internal church reform, and several changes were still made within the Catholic Church.
Look at the message I got:
"Your HTML cannot be accepted: Must be at most 4,096 characters."
Like a boss.
k.
Protestant Reformation and women's roles:
Women during the Reformation gained some social and political status. Rulers such as Elizabeth I showed that females were capable of leading and dictating a strong nation, and reforms were made so that there were schools of literature, religious music, and other fine arts for girls. This was because the church wanted all individuals to be able to read the bible for themselves.
The Act of Supremacy:
The Act of Supremecy declared Henry VIII sovereign ruler over England, and allowed him to control both religious and secular affairs.
Luther vs. Zwingli:
Luther and Zwingli majorly disagreed on the transubstatiation/consubstatiation topic. While Luther strongly believed in consubstiation or the wine and bread co-existing with the blood and body, Zwingli believed that the passover was a spiritual concept. This disagreement over the Eurcharist prevented the German Protestants from forming an alliance with Zwingli's followers.
Reformation influence of the modern world:
The Reformation determined the major political and religious influences in the modern word. Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Calvinism, and other religions grew from Catholicism, while Spain and Germany lost political power to the French, Netherlands, and England.
The "Weber Thesis" explanation of Calvinism:
Whut.
John Knox:
Okay I remember his name...
Baroque Art, Architicture major characteristics:
Baroque Art was directed toward creating a moving feeling inside someone and inspire them (in the most case) to convert back to Catholicism, as Protestants didn't believe in the use of art. They thought art was a distraction from worship. Baroque artists weren't as precisely detailed as Renaissance artists, didn't have intricate backgrounds, made some reference to Greco-Roman gods and goddesses, but portrayed humans, and used extreme contrasting colors to create a vivid image or sculpture. Architecture was more curvy and round instead of strict and straight.
English Reformation Results:
The Reformation in England resulted in a stronger, more unified nation under Elizabeth I, and especially after the defeat of the Spanish Armada, England became the "ruler" of the Mediterranean Sea and set them on the ladder to becoming a major world power.
Review Questions on Test:
Renaissance influence on Europe:
The Renaissance opened the door for many individualist thinkers, and changed many aspects of life. Politically, people dared to challenge individuals in higher ranks because of humanists who started criticising the church and state. Economically, trade flourished, especially in Italy, and with that, the interest of luxuries grew. More guilds were formed to be able to bring these luxuries to ones who could afford them. Socially, women and peasants gained some status as their individuality and rights were becoming more acknowledged.
Humanism:
The study of literature and fine art, and the emphasis on individualism instead of everyone being equal and the same. They also wanted to separate religion and secular activities.
Ferdinand and Isabella:
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unified to combine forces, expand Spain, and bring Spain together as a more centralized country. Their separate regions' laws and way of living did not cross over, but they applied a strong dicatatorship over Spain and conquered countries.
Northern Humanist:
Northern Humanists believed in the study of literature and other fine arts and incorporated them into the religious aspect of their life.
New Monarchs (15th/16th century) economic motives, taxation policies, major political moves:
I'm tired of typing .___.
Well I see the "lady boss" has spoken. I'm still waiting to see who crack's the Weber Thesis explanation (yes its on the test and can be found in your text). I believe I post a reading on this in the Unit 2 folder (box.net information).
Anabaptist were still different than others...Keep digging in your notes for this response...I discussed in my lecture when I talked about them and its not the baptism component I'm looking for.
Be sure not to repeat what others have already posted. I'll still keep waiting to see if people answer the other items that have not been touched yet. Don't think I don't notice who post and who does not post. You will be rewarded in some way, shape or form before this is all said and done. Keep up the great work.
Anabaptist were different than other religious groups in another way? What other way was this? I'll give you a hint...no affiliation!
-Didn't they not want to have anything to do with government/politics and refused to pay taxes or get involved in secular affairs?
*Henry IV as a "politique"
-Henry the IV was a politique and was a Protestant who became a publically pronounced Catholic to maintain religious order within his country and not have conflicting religious bring political problems.
*Defenestration of Prague
-This was when Spanish mercinaries ran wild in the Netherlands because they had no leader, and killed many people. This set the Netherlands off, and their rebellion forces were more determined to gain independance from Spain.
Anabaptist:
i agree with natsuki they did not want to be involved with politics they thought they should be free from it.
The "Weber Thesis" explanation of Calvinism:
I think it's found on pg. 815 under the subtitble "Weber".
"For example, in his best known essay, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), Weber traced much of the rational character of capitalist enterprise to the ascetic religious doctrines of Puritanism. The Puritans, in his opinion, worked for wordly success less for its own sake than to assure themselves that they stood among the elect of God."
Even though the text mentions Puritanism, not Calvinism, Puritanism is still a form of religion derived from Protestantism. I'm not sure if this would be accurate though... And Weber also believed that people gain personal worth from positions in larger organizations, but noneconomic factors could also play a role in the development of society - such as religion.
I also found a website:
http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/frey.protestant.ethic
which explains the Protestant ethic thesis and mentions Calvinism.
"Contrary to medieval belief, religious vocations were no longer considered superior to economic vocations for only personal faith mattered with God. Nevertheless, Luther did not push this potential revolution further ... Calvinism changed that."
"Calvinism accomplished this transformation, not so much by its direct teachings, but (according to Weber) by the interaction of its core theology with human psychology."
"Calvin had pushed the doctrine of God's grace to the limits of the definition: grace is a free gift, something that the Giver, by definition, must be free to bestow or withhold. Under this definition, sacraments, good deeds, contrition, virtue, assent to doctrines, etc. could not influence God (104); for, if they could, that would turn grace into God's side of a transaction instead its being a pure gift."
"Uncertainty about salvation, according to Weber, had the psychological effect of producing a single-minded search for certainty."
"Calvinist's living was 'thoroughly rationalized in this world and dominated by the aim to add to the glory of God in earth...' (118). Such a life became a systematic living out of God's revealed will. This singleness of purpose left no room for diversion."
From what I'm gaining from the online source, Weber is noting the general mindset behind Calvinism and theorizing how because Calvinists don’t believe in gaining salvation, they have to find a different way to gain this personal faith with God, and by doing so, they put economical service over religious service. However, this does not mean that they neglected their personal relationship with God. Rather, the strict work ethic the Calvinists follow is to assure themselves of their self-worth and help them feel as if they are among the ones who will receive God’s gift of salvation. Therefore, while Calvinists are pushing the economical organizing of society and contributing to its development, their driving purpose does not have any economically benefitting ties; it is to gain a feeling of personal worth and grow closer to God through this self-respect and confidence in themselves as an individual.
I'm not sure if this is correct though.
Martin luther key beliefs:
-Bible is authority
-individual can have a relationship with god without the help of a priest
-one can interpret the bible in their own way
-pope should not have power over church
-eucharist really was symbolic of the body and blood of christ(consubstantiaition
-thought church should follow the bible
-salvation by faith alone
-grace of god brings absulution(indulgences will not get rid of your sins)
-baptist and communion are the only real sacraments
Catholic Doctrine of transubstantiation:
was the belief that the bread and wine of the mass are transformed to the blood and body of christ.
Calvins Key beliefs:
-He believed in Predensantion he thought that god new who will go to heaven and who will go to hell.
- Beleived chruch over state.
- you can be saved by work ethic
- eucharist is a symbol
:O I FOUND THE MAX WEBER explanation of calvinism:!!
"Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism"-max weber
Catholic reformation key features:
Reform groups:
Theatines:reform minded leaders at the higher levels of the church hierchary.
Capuchins:goal was to return to Saint francis ideas.
Somaschi: repair moral spiritual and physical damage done to people from the italy war
Ursulines: it educated girls in religion throughout all social classes
JESUITS: this was the most succesful group. One should follow the church and not shall not question it. goal was to get followers to return.
- salvation can be reached by good
works and faith
-indulgences would stay because god said it was okay
-celibacy of clergy
-transubstantiation
-
*Elizabeth 1 policies:
Was a politique. The official religion her time of reign was protestasim. She was tolerant of protestants to make sure Emgland did not have chaos. That way she can focus on State over religion.
*Council of trent accomplishments:
the selling of church offices,nepotism,absentism were fixed
Bishops were forced to live in dioceses
the councel of trent reaffirmed transubstantiation, education of clergy, good works for salvation, seven sacraments, celibacy of the clergy, holy saints, indulgences.
*Protestant reformation and women roles:
Protestants favored clerical
marriage.Women who were married to the clergy were seen as highly.
They also so women as great because of their role as a mother and wife.
Women were still subordinate to husband.
Women had more rights to protect them from their husband
Were seen as companions
Women were able to divorce and remarry without being viewed wrongly.
Women should be well educated so they could read the bible.
The act of supremacy ( for Henry viii): Let henry be the head of the Anglican Church.
*The act of supremacy(for Elizabeth I): Got rid of all Mary tudors ideas of anit-protestant and let Elizabeth one be supreme ruler
Reformation Influence on the world:
The reformation influenced the need of education. It Also helped women gain rights and be able to be seen highly. It also affected marriage people started to get married in early to late twenties. The church also needed parental comsent so a marriage could be considered. One got married because of love not so much because of money. It also affected literary work of writers such as Miguel de cervantes.
Other than social life the protestant reformation affected the power of the rulers. Rulers were able to decide their own lands religion.
*John Knox: Was a reformer from scotland who published a book about the cruelty of Mary tudor and her private catholic practices.But his book was published during Elizabeths reign. She dislike him for that but tolerated him because with his alliance scotland will never follow mary's french and cathlic ways.
*English Reformation results:
Henry the viii was the head of the anglican church.
threatened protestants that if they practiced their religion during his reign they will be whipped or executed.
Reniassance influence on Europe:
REVIEW QESTIONS:
Humanism: was the study of rome and greek literature.they emphasized individualism.
Ferdinand and Isabellas:
Ferdinand was the ruler of aragon. Isabella was the queen of castile. They united their nations by marriage. They secured their borders to be stronger from invasions. They had control over chruch. They also exiled jews who lived in ther nations.
Northern Humanist:
Had a combination of religion and humanism. Most of their art resembled holiness of christ and god. They also sculptured in detial the human body.
Monarchs: Nations grew stronger and were more stable. Except the holy roman empire they were made up of many small soveriegn rulers.
The monarchs had greater control of the church. Some by passed parliament.
*St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre significance:
It showed the catherine de midici was afriad of guise family dominatiing france.It also brought fear to protestants who at any time could be exiled for the religion they practiced.
*Phillip II's reign key points:
were the four pillars of spain
During his reign his their was a lot of wealth in spain because of the new worlds. The population also increased.He had a succesful bureuracy and a strong military. He also had control over the meditarrnean sea. During his reign the england military attacked the spanish aramada.
*Henry IV as a "politique"
He was a politque because he put the france goverment before church unity.For him to have a succesful and unified nation he had to be able to be tolerant of other religous to be able to keep peace in france.The peace of beaulieu granted religous freedom to to huegnots. But took this back and only gave them certain areas where they can freely practice their religion.
*Edict of Nantes
Was established by Henry iv of navarre. It officially gave rights to the huegnots to be able to practice their own religion.They had to practice their religion privately.
*Spanish Armada/Phillip II's
invasion of England
The spanish armada went to england with the desire to overthrow elizabeth I. The spanish armada was sent by Duke of medina-sidonia.The england defeated the spanish armada.
*Defenestration of Prague
was the reaction of protestant nobility of ferdinands act by throwing his regants out the window.
*Treaty of Westphalia
Ended the religion wars.It recognized the netherland's independence. It gave power to the soveriegn states of the holy roman empire. It also recognized calvinism as a religion.It also reaffirmed the peace of Augsburg.
Hey, My Anabaptist researchers finally figured it out...and we figured out good old Weber's Thesis and his ideas about the "Protestant Work Ethic" and how it influences economic systems, primarily capitalism as we continue on. Too bad your other classmates are missing out on all of this good stuff. I'm sure we can predict who will pass the exam on Tuesday and who will not. Where are all of the other folks.
Great job of being historical researchers and digging beneath the surface of these ideas. That is the best way to understand the different events and people. As you begin to view other events start thinking about how things that we've previously discussed may have an influence on many many others. Especially, Treaty of Westphalia....
Still looking for some more Phillip II information to be discussed such as his rivalry with England. We did not discuss this in class but I was hoping you read about it in your notes and/or the text.
John Knox is still a lost soul on here..Who is this guy and why mention him??/ Is he from Long Beach...??
New Monarchs have not been mentioned either and this gave people fits on the first exam....Come on now people...tackle this one.
Oh, was my over-lengthy post on Weber's thesis of Calvinism correct? I really wasn't sure.
And, about Phillip II, would his discontent about Elizabeth I not agreeing to marry him be part of the reason England was Spain's rival?
Yes, and also think about what part the Netherlands plays in England and Spain's rivalry........
Could the rivalry between England and Spain have intensified because they both wanted to control the Netherlands? It's geographic location made it a very profitable trade center, and as a result of the war, the Netherlands became more independent and their political power inclined with England. Spain's power however, declined as a result of the war.
Good Good so we have an economic factor and a political factor discussed when it came to England and Spain's rivalry and issues in relation to the Netherlands...keep it going..
What were the significant results of the 30 years war?
What are a few of religious or political motives for this event (30 years war)?
What were the results of the Catholic Reformation?
Unit 1===How did "New Monarchs" increase their power?
Also the English Reformation was more than just Henry VIII's reforms, who else made changes or moves to contribute to England's reformation.
Treaty of Wesphalia:
Political → Determined dominant world powers.
-Spain's political decline due to defeat by Netherlands and England (Spanish Armada).
-Germany's political decline due to effects of the 30 Years War and number of different entities.
-Netherlands gained independance from Spain → Gain political power.
-England gained control over the Mediterranean sea → defeated Spanish Armada, can now control trade, etc.
-France defeated Spanish (Treaty of Pyrenees), became Europe's dominant power.
↑ That ties in with the results of the 30 Years War.
Religious motives:
-Catholics vs. Protestants
-Lutherans vs. Calvinists
-liberal vs. conservative Lutherans
*Calvinists wanted recognition, and they were a dominant Protestant force in Germany.
Political motives:
-Germany was not politically united due to it having so many different entities and sectors, which made it an easy target for neighboring countries. Also, the Catholic church didn't want to lose power to Protestants.
-England vs. Spain: Phillip II vs. Elizabeth I, and about control over the Netherlands (Spanish Armada)
-Spain vs. Netherlands: Spain wanted to control the Netherlands, but the Pacification of Ghent brings the Protestants and Catholics together against Spain, and the Spanish have to recognize Netherlands' independence.
-France vs. Spain: hm. I'm not quite sure about this one.
-France, Sweden, Spain vs Germany: territorial, religious, just for the sake of fighting.
"Also the English Reformation was more than just Henry VIII's reforms, who else made changes or moves to contribute to England's reformation."
Was it a ruler or a pope?
For the New Monarchs, would people like Isabella/Ferdinand be an example of how they married to create a political alliance and brought Spain together to become a country?
And, the fact that monarchs in that time created standing armies? I think I read somewhere that they also started taxing their citizens more heavily.
But I'm not sure if that's what they did...
Still looking for "New Monarch" generalization which gives us an idea of how all of them ie. Ferdinand/Isabella, Valois's, Tudors increased their power in 15th/16th century.
Dutch are going to move into a "Golden Age" as a result of things like the 30 Years war and Spain/England's rivalry...Why is that?
Another component of English Reformation is not the Pope but a leader from England who had a great impact on English History....
Wow, seems like I'm the only Euro-student and I have already graduated college...where is all of your classmates, still looking for some new faces on here.
One more thing big time kudos to Natsuki for evan mentioning the "Pacification of Ghent"...thats is some real serious historical thinking..
Would Elizabeth I be the English ruler who contributed to the English Reformation?
Yes, She was (Elizabeth I)
So, the English Reformation also includes Elizabeth I's efforts to overcome religious differences? I had originally believed it to be the time during which Henry VIII broke away from the Church. Does the English Reformation include Mary Tudor's efforts to change the country back to Catholicism as well?
Joining in on the game a little late, but better late than never!
Ferdinand and Isabella gained power through their marriage. Through this marriage, they were able to Christianize Spain, conquer the Moors, and gain posession of Naples and Navarre. In addition, they subdued their realms, secure borders, and ventured abroad militarily. This is all significant because their posession of new land, meant more power. Power, land, and wealth all came in a package, and the posession of one of those factors, most likely contributed to the posession of all. Similarly, the Tudors gained power through marriage. Henry VIII had married Catherine of Aragon, his brother's former wife so that the alliance of Spain would remain unbroken. Then there was also Mary Tudor, who married Philip II.
The Valois are a bit more interesting though, in the sense that Catherine de Medici did not seem to know what she was doing, and was more concerned for her own well-being than others. Although she had goals of reconciling the Protestant and Catholic factions, her fear and concern for her self caused her to turn to the Guise. The Valois gained power in the sense that Catherine de Medici tried to supress the growth of others that were slowing gaining authority.
The new independence of the Netherlands allowed for the Dutch to enter a Golden Age. The Netherlands had been the richest area of Europe, and the merchant towns had already been independent prior to the separation, so it wasn't like the separation would cause chaos because they already had experience when it came to being independent. By being independent, the Netherlands were able to keep their wealth. In addition, sources outside the textbook stated that the migration of skilled workers to the Netherlands also contributed to the Golden Age. The Netherlands also had cheap energy sources, which helped trade, the arts, and industry grow. Then there was the Dutch East India Company, which was the first modern stock exchange.
Yes, you could say Mary Tudor as well with her "Catholic" efforts...
Also in reference to the Dutch do you know why those workers went there?? Yes, religious toleration and the Calvinist idea of the "Protestant Work Ethic"...you see people during this time period were all about money as many are today which can be good and bad but thats another topic for discussion at another date. Great job folks
I believe that the view and outlook on women changed drastically after the reformation. During the renaissance, yes women were educated, unlike during the midevil ages. However, they were educated for the amusement and benefit of men. Men wanted a woman that they could have an inteligent conversation with, but that was basically the only reasoning of the education of women. After and during the reformation, the role of women changed very much. Women were considered more of an equal and contributed alot to economic, social, and religious aspects. Women were even able to rule, Queen Elizabeth I is an example of a powerful woman ruler.
Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Cattholic church because it (D) used indulgences as a fund-raising device. Martin Luther did not agree with the sale of indulgences. He argued that it was against the bible to sell indulgences and that the Roman Catholic church was wrong to do so. He also stated that the church was not using the money for the people, as they claimed to be doing. But for their own selfish reasons. Pope Leo is the one who initiated these indulgences as a "fund-raising device".
If Catherine of Aragon was the daughter of Ferdinad and Isabella, why did Charles take the throne rather than her? Is it because she was already married to King Henry's brother, making her qurrn of england, before her parents had died?
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