How were government policies in western and central Europe impacted by mass politics during the period 1871-1914?
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During the Age of Mass Politics, nations had a common strucutre when it came to European politics. there was increased loyalty, suffrage, and literacy in both western and central Europe. In the German Empire, social security laws were established, which represented change in government policies. The health and working conditions of the people were taking into consideration. There was also the Third French Republic which had a constitution that impacted government policies.Great Britain's policies were also impacted as various political parties led to constant, yet minor, change. The Irish Question was one of Britain's most recurring and serious problem, and in order to deal with it, policies were affected.
Nations applied a "mass politic" way of thought after the revolutions, because the people wanted to become a more unified nation. As Conservatism was starting to unfold into Nationalism and Liberalism, people started to think in a more broad scope. Such movements as the welfare programs which started in Germany, helping the unemployed, sick, disabled, and overall health insurance encouraged people to put more into their country and work as a tightly knit unit. In France, the Third French Revolution created a new national assembly which acted as a new form of democratic, yet republican government to help bring the French citizens together. The Paris Commune also showed how it was important for all citizens to work in accord with each other. Different nations worked together to help the other grow independent and have a reborn sense of nationality. Italy definitely had a lot of help from the other nations, and they managed to create a highly functional nation. Russia's industrialization also contributed to many political movements in that country.
The national state created a common framework in European politics, which were dominated by political parties. Increased suffrage and literacy in western and central European countries during the late-nineteenth century resulted in higher expectations and demands among the people for government to be responsive to their needs. A significant event in the Third French Republic was the Paris Commune, which was a municipal government that intended to administer Paris separately from the rest of France. In the German Empire, the government created a form of social security including sickness and accident insurance, old-age pensions, and retirement benefits. In Great Britain, Gladstone supported universal male suffrage to achieve goals and Disraeli eventually supported extending the vote. As a result, the Reform Bill of 1867 extended the vote to male heads of the household. Irish nationalists sought to achieve Irish control of local government, or home rule for Ireland.
In both Western and Eastern European Nations, the age of mass politics took place through 1871-1914. The most important political development was the unification of Germany. Germany was unified through Bismarck's manipulations. Germany was a conservative country, though it was achieved and sought by liberal leaders.
In france the third republic, help get rid of corruption among the goverment. In Britian the working class was taking into consideration, they were able to vote. In Britian various acts help the people achieve succes in the nation. In Russia tsar Alexander emacipated the serfs. Since the serfs were emacipated local goverement and judicial systems had to be reorganzed, there was equality in the law, rial by jury, impartial hearings. Politics in the great powers were thinking more about the working class, they new in order to progress; they have to educate and help their nation's citizens succeed.
I agree with Lily; the goverement was taking into consideration the health and working conditions of the people. There was an increase in education importance, in Britian Gladstone gave free educations to all children through ages 5 -13. This will help literacy progress. I also agree that the Irish question was a great issue for Britian.
I agree with T3 for3, during the age of mass politics the working class was given the ability to vote in some nations. This would increase loyalty, and literacy. If they are given the right to vote; they have to be aware of politics in their nation, and also need to be educated well.
During the age of mass politics, many countries began to see many different political parties and ideas begin to rise; Conservatism no longer sought to destroy and repress Liberalism and Nationalism instead they embraced it. However, many countries had disputes over how their government and people would be controlled. For example, France decided to reject Napoleon III's ideas of an empire and decided to declare the Third French Republic. There were many complications and scandals such as the Paris Commune and the Dreyfus affair. However, despite the troubles many countries began to prosper. Britain being one of those countries. Their golden age was defined as "The Victorian Era" and during this time education, suffrage rights for women, and early forms of imperialism were on the rise.
I agree with Laura; German's unification was important because for many years the only two German states that had any real power was Austria and Prussia, and thanks to Bismarck's drive for war and drive to outflank his liberal parliament.
I also agree with Ttfor3; the increased suffrage and education among the people gave higher expectations for governments to satisfy their people's wants, but also to keep a tight grasp on how much suggestions went into account.
Sarah: I like how you inferred on how countries prospered, regardless of the scandals, including the Paris Commune and the Dreyfus affair. I agree with your example about how the conservatives ceased to oppose Nationalism and Liberalism. The government was effected by the mass politics because the people began to demand the government to respond to their needs. More suffrage rights were being introduced in some prospering countries.
Lily L: I agree with your statement on how there was increased literacy and suffrage in the countries. That led to the people demanding more from the government for their own needs, including health and working conditions. Political Parties influenced change in European politics. I also agree with how the Third French Republic impacted the government policies, due to its constitution.
The national state created a common framework in European politics. Political parties such as the Paris Commune and the Third French Republic dominated politics. Increased suffrage and literacy in Western and central Europe during the late 19th century resulted in higher expectations and demands among the people for government to be responsive to their needs. Also, people felt increasing loyalty to their governments. With the age of mass politics the welfare state emerged, first in Germany, then in Britain, France, and other countries. Policies were also lead by nationalism to create a sense of unity.
The Age of Mass Politics, was many nations had a similar political structure. People thought this age was the time to become more unified. There was also an increase in loyalty, suffrage, and literacy in both sides of Europe which raised the expectations of the people. In the German Empire, things were modified and established to get rid of government corruption such as purchase of officer's place in parliament. They became more considerate of worker/people's condition and environment than before. There was also the Third French Republic that was established, which created a constitution that affected government policies greatly. Great Britain's policies were also affected leading to minor modifications. The Irish Question was one of Britain's most critical, and serious problem, and to solve it, politics were involved. The Paris commune helped show how sophisticated it is to cooperate with one another. Industrialization also came into play within the politics.
I agree with Lily; They were becoming more considerate of the people. There was an also an improvement in education. For example, Britain, Gladstone gave free educations to all children. This will help advance the progress of literacy. The Irish Question was indeed a critical problem for Britain.
I agree with Natsuki on the fact that how Mass Politics was a way of thought for nations to be come more unified. Because it was the time when the government was getting rid of corruptions and improving the conditions for the society. Creating alliances with one another and unifying to improve it's overall power.
Tommy: I agree with how the Age of Mass Politics caused different nations to follow a similar political thought and how it also brought nations together. I feel that a nationalistic thought along with a more democratic movement was predominant during this period. Political leaders did become a lot more considerate of their citizens during that time.
Lily: I feel that the health and working conditions of the people were definitely taken into consideration. The different institutions put in by the French, British, and other nations started to affect the majority rather than minority. The whole continent was affected by this thought, as Russia dominated most of eastern Europe.
In Europe the time known as the Mass Politics is a time were different countries in Europe changed, created, and improved their way of governing their citizens. These changes effected Europe because it improved the way many people lived, new rights were given that gave the citizens more power. Males were given suffrage, even the women of this society fought to gain the same rights. Life in society was also improved as the conditions of working and living were improved by the laws created to protect the residents in large cities. There were also organizations created to protect the people with certain needs, they established homes for the sick, disable, and poor. The Age of Mass Politics was also a time where the countries of Europe had to deal with each other. For example some opposed the unification of Germany and Italy because it could create an unbalance level of power. In France there were the Scandals that both favored and hurt the image of the Third Republic. This is affected the politics of western and central Europe as the citizens realize that they need to be informed. This increase literacy, which lead to more laws for the better of the mass population.
I agree with LauraSan because during the Age of Mass Politics the unification of Germany has a great effect on the other countries of western and central Europe. Germany divided did not have as much power as it did united and this is what the other countries had feared before. Germany was a country that was united with the persuasion of nationalism but changed to a conservative state. This change effected the politics in this country by focusing on its people.
Countries in central and western Europe began reforms in government and foreign policies, and addressed internal issues. Germany was the first country to institute a welfare system. Russia had abolished serfdom as well as reforming their military. The Dreyfus Affair had divided France, because of the corruption in government, the French people leaned more toward the liberals. When Disraeli was in office, although he started out as a conservatives, he had favored liberal reforms as he wanted to gain popularity with the citizens of Britain. The leaders behind all these actions were manipulating politics in order to gain an advantage for their own country.
The age of "Mass Politics" started a new wave that spread all over. The unification process had changed many countires. The loyalty, and need of literacy had greatly increased in both western and central Europe.The unification of Germany was the greatest change. The policies for living and working contions were changing from the revolution. The liberal leaders such as bismark had found so many ways to change the conservative views.In Britian the same type of ruling was done in the sense of different of. types leaders. But they had a standing question of who would control their region.
Sarah had said that countries during this time of Mass Politics that were supporters of conservatism started to embrace liberalism and nationalism. This I can understand and agree to a certain degree because leaders of conservatism did see some uses for the other isms. Nationalism was used to form a sense of unity within a country making its people more loyal to its government. And Liberalism encouraged the law makings that protected the average mans natural rights. This is what I can see effected the politics of countries that dominated in conservatism.
Natsuki: I agree because in this time many of the unifications were due to different sets of leaders that wanted to change the views. Germanys unification process did seem much simpiliar due to the people coming into consideration.Italy did need alot more help to unify because of all of the people who viewed conservatism .The actions government was passing was now to help change instead of just taking land.
Tommy Cheong: I agree with you because many of the unifications were the same. They all either wanted to thange the how the countries were viewed or they evetually did. In Germany the people did start to have say in things and i believe that is how they unified to quickly. Verses Italy who had more trouble because one side were more advanced and the other was still set in the past.
Throughout the age of mass Politics different political parties came about and dominated this era.From the years of 1871-1914 western and central European countries increased in literacy and suffrage.These occurrences resulted in higher expectations and demands to the government to respond to their needs.Such actions such as Welfare and reform bill of 1867.Welfare emerged in first in Germany,which cared for the sick, the poor etc and helped them have the same opportunity as others. The reform bill of 1867 allowed males of a house hold and male worker the privilege to vote which doubled the amount of voters. During this time the government took in more consideration the needs of their people and this help unite Europe.
Lily L.: I agree with Lily. Literacy had been improved in Britain when they had passed the Education Act of 1870. The Irish question was addressed by Gladstone but never complete resolved issues that fester the question. Gladstone wanted support of the Irish so his party could win by supporting home rule for Ireland.
Sarah: I also agree with Sarah. Before the Age of Mass Politics, most conservative rulers suppressed the liberals heavily, and in return, the liberals rebelled even more. But when they started accepting liberal reforms, they appealed their citizens. Using that to their advantage, it would be easier to create results that works in the Conservatives' favors.
Tommy: I agree with you because many of the unifications were the same. I also agree with how the Age of Mass Politics caused many nations to follow a political thought similar to this time period. It also brought nations together. During this period, thought was more nationalistic and there were more democratic movements. Political leaders become more considerate of their citizens during that time and it was a time of unification.
I agree with Natsuki because many of the unifications were due to different sets of leaders that wanted to change the views. The actions the government passed were now to help change instead of just taking land. I also agree with Natsuki because it was the time when the government was improving conditions for society and getting rid of corruptions. Also, she was correct when she stated the european government created alliances with one another to try to unify to improve it's overall power.
i agree with Laura:acts passed in Britain helped the nation achieve success.The reform act of 1884 granted suffrage to adult males in the countries and it added 2million agricultural voters added to the franchise.The parliment act of 1911 was the most political reform during the Liberal party rule which eliminated powers of the House of Lords and the house of commons was the center of national power.Last but not least another important act the was passed was the reform act of 1928 that let women over 21 voting privileges.
i agree with jax<3 the German unification was a great success in the age of mass politics. Led by Bismarck the Germany unification was a success. Bismarck established a political and economic structure for Germany while dominating European diplomacy.After the unification was achieved William was the emperor of new unified Germany.
The Age of Mass Politics I personally believe the government was starting to become more concerned with the well-being of its nations people. Before this period the aristocrats were only looking out for the aristocrats and same with the government officials basically the rich are trying to stay rich. Recently there have been many reforms passed such as the Education Act which the government is responsible for establishing and running schools therefore, helping the nation develop a more intelligent generation. In Great Britain the Irish Question, whether or not England should control Ireland, was a reoccurring problem so in order to settle the issues, policies were affected. Britain's golden age also known as the Victorian Era was a very prosperous time for the English people, women gained voting rights and imperialism was rapidly increasing.
I agree with Amanda that German political parties were increasing. A main political party was the Catholic Central Party which promoted the political concept of particularism. The Social Democratic Party was on the rise as well, however this political party advocated sweeping social legislation.
Just realized an error I made on my agreement with Amanda, the CCD and SPD occurred in Germany not Britain just wanted to clarify.
The Age of Mass Politics increased suffrage and literacy in western and central European countries which resulted in higher demands and expectations among the people for government to be responsive to their needs. In France the Third French Revolution created a national assembly which formed a new democratic yet republican government to help bring the French citizens together. The third republic also helped get rid of government corruption. The Many of the Health and working conditions that were frequently questioned about were going into consideration. German's unification was one of the most important because Austria and Prussia were the only two German states that had power but Bismark made that change .
During the Age of Mass Politics, government policies within Europe’s nations were impacted heavily. Most European governments had a body of representatives for their people, and political parties created a competition that pushed for reforms. In Germany, there was a bicameral legislature that, under Otto von Bismarck, established social security laws similar to those in present day countries to protect and gain support from the working class. The French had the Third Republic, which separated the church and state when it passed the Ferry Laws, creating more public schools and enabling the government to regulate education. Within Britain, opposition between conservative Benjamin Disraeli and liberal William Gladstone caused Disraeli to enact liberal reforms like the Reform Bill of 1867. Gladstone established the Australian Ballot Act, the Reform Act of 1884, and the Parliament Act of 1911. Most importantly, governments helped emphasize the importance of learning and lessened the qualifications for voting.
Tt for3 :
I agree with your statements on how government policies in Europe were impacted by mass politics. Although significant, I do not think that the Paris Commune was something that worked to gain rights for the people, it was not something the people needed. The Paris Commune was primarily made up of the bourgeois and they have never shown interest for bettering the lives of anyone but themselves. On the positive side, I do believe that the Paris Commune was effective in further uniting France.
LauraSan:
I agree that the German Empire, under Otto von Bismarck, was the most important political development during the age of mass politics. Bismarck had unified the German states and ensured economic safety to the working class with social security laws including: insurance laws, pensions, retirement benefits, and improved working conditions. He was skilled when it came to Germany’s foreign policy and helped make Germany a great empire.
Lilly - I agree with you that the Health and Working conditions were finally taking in affect during the Age of Mass Politics because I believe in Children were finally given the option of free education in Britain. This proves that the government is finally taking a look out for others and what could benefit the people.
Laura: I agree with you that Germany's Unification was one of the most important because before Austria & Prussia were the only two German states that had Power and spoke up to what they wanted.
During the Age of Mass politics, there were many pending influences that affected how politics would be looked at. It was in these times that the original set of solid almost guidelines that would set the standard for future government. The health of the people would play a big part in the politics s well. The lack of proper conditions and overall standards would promote the need for health care reforms and other laws that would come into action. This was a vital time for things to get done considering things were, not completely stable, but stable enough to provide a foundation for change. Mass politics were the most important part of their economy and how they would react to any given circumstance.
I agree with Monica that this was also a time of improving. The government saw a lack of resources for the needy, disabled, and impaired citizens. This was an important step into the future. While many may feel that these are unimportant issues, these would become a great majority of the population if they hadn't taken care of it while it was still in manageable amounts.
I agree with tt for 3 that this was the "framework" for politics. Without this era of politics, we wouldn't be able to do the many things we do now. The laws and reforms that passed, and those that were vetoed were an important part in what founded the bigger political ideas yet to come. I also agree with the statement that sufferage led to more people willing to rally for their nation.
Mass Politics was a thought that was used because people wanted to be unified. In Germany Bismarck had a big effect on their unification. He manipulative, he had to find a way to attract popular support away from the liberals and toward the monarchy army. He then set about uniting germany through the conservative institutuins of Prussia. In effect Bismarck embraced the cause of german nationalisn as a strategy to enable prussian conservatives to outflank Prussian liberals. Government policies then started to change in Germany. The sick, and those unemployed were more of a concern.
Natsuki:
I agree with your statement that the comflict between the French Third Republic and the Paris Commune was significant in mass politics. It showed the conflict within a nation, and how there was a growing division in a once powerful country. The Paris Commune was a radical communist government that formed after a peace agreement with Prussia. A result of the conflcit was when the Paris Commune and National Assembly fount, and many people were killed or executed. This just shows how mass politics impacted the country. It added to violence in a strive to gain political demands.
Sarah: I agree with your statement that conservatism was no longer the dominant sociology. In the past, liberalism and nationalism were supported and desired, but unsuccessful. The strength of conservatism always seemed to dominate all the other sociologies. During this time, however, conservatism started to change its own desires in order to fit in with the growing liberalism and nationalism. It was inevitable to move in that direction, and so they had to do what they could to get the support of as many people as possible.
I agree with LauraSan. Without Bismarck's manipulations Germany wouldn't have unified. He wanted to move away from liberals and more towards monarchy. Which is why he set out to unify Germany.
I agree with Tommy Cheong. There was an icrease in literacy. Education wasn't seen, in a way, as "inferior" it became more of an importance. There was an increase in literacy especially within young children and teens.
During the age of mass politics, many new political aspects arose. Many of these aspects were influenced by imperialism, an example would be how England was facing the issue of what should be done in Ireland. During this time there were many movements in politics that led toward education, and for a chance to earn more money. These political movements changed European lifestyles forever. Many of the changes were to help the common people, by giving them more power and more rights. An example of how this age helped the common people was the third French Republic and what the French did to stop corruption. Not only did this age help the common people it had also brought nations together. Bismark during this age used these policies to unite Germany
I agree with Laura because she expressed a large part of this age was the unification of Germany. Another important issue how the French stopped corruption by establishing the Third French Republic. also an important factor is how common people tried to gain rights. England was the best example of how the working class was able to vote.
I also agree with Monica on how many of the changes helped improved social, economical, and educational aspects. During this time especially in England it was about getting an education, and making a profit. These changes without a doubt changed European lifestyle. During this time many governments cared for their people.
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